Führung German · revision 35141

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=10th century, Old High German gloss|origins=gem-pro *fōrijaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈfyːʁʊŋ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Führung''' ''f'' (genitive Führung, plural Führungen)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|de|führen|-ung]], [[gmh|vüerunge]].^(Wiktionary)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(DWB2|9, 1228) The Grimms' dictionary found neither an Old nor a Middle High German form and dated the first records to the 15th century,^(DWB|4, 474) but its revision cites a gloss of the 10th century and Middle High German records.^(DWB2|9, 1228) Köbler also lists [[goh|fuorunga]] from glosses.^(DWB2|9, 1228)^(Köbler AHD)

+

+ The verb [[führen]] is [[gmh|vüeren]], [[goh|fuoren]], [[gem-pro|*fōrijaną]], the lengthened-grade causative of [[fahren]], meaning “to make go, set in motion”.^(Kluge 2011|322)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(EWA|3, 639) It is the same verb as [[non|fœra]], [[ang|fēran]] and [[ofs|fēra]], and Kluge compares the causative [[sa|पारयति|tr=pāráyati|t=leads across]].^(Kluge 2011|322) Kluge adds that two roots of the same shape may be involved, [[ine-pro|*per-|t=to go, travel]] and a root “to pass through, bring across”.^(Kluge 2011|322)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The 10th-century gloss and the oldest Middle High German records use the noun for nourishment and food, then for load or freight: in 1349/50 Konrad von Megenberg says that a certain wine is ''ain fuorung und ain kost'' “a nourishment and a food”.^(DWB2|9, 1228) Köbler gives the Old High German gloss word the senses “maintenance, levy, income, life-giving force”.^(Köbler AHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From the 15th century ''Führung'' is the noun of ''führen'' “to lead, guide, steer”, and its senses follow those of the verb: guiding someone on a way, leading and directing others.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|4, 474) Adelung (1793) records the pious use ''die Führungen Gottes'', the course of a person's life as arranged by Providence.^(Adelung 1793|2, 347) The Duden dictionary also gives the senses “guided tour”, “leading position” (in sport, ''in Führung gehen'' “to take the lead”), “conduct” (released early for good behaviour), and in technology the part of a machine that guides a movement.^(Duden GWDS 1999) The ''innere Führung'' of the Bundeswehr is the training of soldiers as responsible citizens.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 10th century – Old High German ''fuarunga'' glosses Latin ''vegetamina''.^(DWB2|9, 1228)

+ * 1282 – Hiltgart von Hürnheim uses ''füerung'' for food supplies.^(DWB2|9, 1228)

+ * 15th century – First records of the sense “leading, direction”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|4, 474)

+ * 1793 – Adelung records ''die Führungen Gottes''.^(Adelung 1793|2, 347)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|leadership|alt=Leadership]], [[m|en|management]]: responsibility for directing a company, party or group.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Guidance: ''das Kind braucht eine klare Führung'' “the child needs firm guidance”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # The leadership: the group of people who run an organization.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # A guided [[m|en|tour]] of a building or exhibition.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A leading position; in sport, the [[m|en|lead]]: ''mit zwei Toren in Führung liegen'' “to lead by two goals”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|conduct|alt=Conduct]], behaviour: ''wegen guter Führung'' “for good behaviour”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Handling of a tool or instrument, such as the bow of a violin.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(technology)'' A part of a machine that determines the direction of a movement; a [[m|en|guide]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(official)'' The driving of a vehicle; the bearing of a title; the keeping of accounts.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[führungslos]]

+ * [[Führungsrolle]]

+ * [[Führungsriege]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Aufführung]]

+ * [[Entführung]]

+ * [[Rückführung]]

+ * [[Überführung]]

+ * [[Unterführung]]

+ * [[Vorführung]]

+ * [[führen]]

+ * [[Führer]]

+ * [[fahren]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}