Rahmen German · revision 35132

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=11th century, Old High German glosses}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈʁaːmən/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Rahmen''' ''m'' (genitive Rahmens, plural Rahmen)^(Wiktionary)

+ The final ''-n'' comes from the oblique cases.^(EWA|7, 162)

+ Old and Middle High German ''rama'', ''rame'' were feminine;^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|14, 64) Central German had a weak masculine ''rame'', and Middle Low German only the masculine.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|14, 64) In the 17th and 18th centuries ''die Rahme'', ''der Rahme'' and ''der Rahm'' competed (Goethe usually wrote ''Rahm''); ''der Rahmen'' became general after Adelung.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)^(DWB|14, 64) Upper German dialects keep the feminine.^(DWB|14, 64)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|rame|t=support, frame]], [[inh|goh|rama|t=support, column]].^(Kluge 2011|743)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(EWA|7, 162) Related forms are [[osx|hrama|t=rack for torture]], [[gml|rāme]], [[dum|rame]] and [[nl|raam|t=frame, window]],^(EWA|7, 162)^(Wiktionary) and [[fro|raime]] was borrowed from an Old Low Franconian form.^(EWA|7, 162)^(Pfeifer 1993) Wiktionary sets up [[gmw-pro|*hramu|t=frame, support]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Its further origin is uncertain.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|743) Kluge, Pfeifer and Duden connect it with [[Rand]] and [[Ranft]];^(Kluge 2011|743)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020) Pfeifer and Duden derive it from a root [[ine-pro|*rem-|t=to rest, lean on, support]], also seen in [[sa|रम्भ|tr=rambhá|t=staff, support]] and [[lt|ramtis|alt=ram̃tis|t=support]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020) Kluge leaves open whether the word began with /hr/.^(Kluge 2011|743) Heinertz and Schüwer start from [[gem-pro|*hramō|t=lath frame]] with /hr/, comparing [[got|𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽|tr=hramjan|t=to crucify]], that is “to fix to a frame”, and [[non|hremma|t=to clutch, squeeze]], and link [[Rumpf]] as well.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''rama'' is found from about 1000 in glosses, translating Latin words for a support, a column, a weaving frame and a rack for torture.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(EWA|7, 162) Kluge dates it to the 11th century.^(Kluge 2011|743)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Middle High German ''ram(e)'' meant a support, a stand, and a weaving or embroidery frame.^(Kluge 2011|743)^(Köbler MHD) From the general sense “stand serving as a support” came many special uses: the frame of a window, a mirror or a painting, and then, figuratively, a boundary or setting, as in ''im Rahmen der Grundsatzfragen'' (Strittmatter) and the idiom ''aus dem Rahmen fallen'' “to depart from the usual”.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden 7 2020) In the 20th century it also became the frame or chassis of a car or bicycle.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ The verb [[rahmen]] “to frame” is recorded around 1800, by Campe, and [[einrahmen]] and [[umrahmen]] in the 19th century.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) The German word was borrowed into Hungarian (''ráma'', 1403), Czech (''rám''), Romanian and Russian.^(LWP)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1000 – Old High German ''rama'' “support, column” is recorded in glosses.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(EWA|7, 162)

+ * Second half of the 12th century – Middle High German ''ram'' is used.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 1403 – Hungarian ''ráma'' “frame”, borrowed from German, is recorded.^(LWP)

+ * Late 18th century – Adelung and Campe accept only ''der Rahmen''.^(DWB|14, 64)

+ * c. 1800 – The verb ''rahmen'' “to frame” appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 19th century – ''einrahmen'' and ''umrahmen'' come into use.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|frame]] for a picture or similar: ''ein Foto in einem schlichten Rahmen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The frame of a door or window, to which it is hinged.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # A frame for stretching cloth or threads; short for [[Stickrahmen]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(technology)'' The supporting [[m|en|chassis]] of a vehicle or machine; short for [[Fahrradrahmen]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # A [[m|en|setting]] that gives an occasion its character: ''Die alte Scheune bot der Hochzeit einen festlichen Rahmen.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # [[m|en|scope]], limits: ''im Rahmen des Möglichen'', within the bounds of what is possible.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(literature)'' A frame story that encloses other stories; see [[Rahmenerzählung]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[rahmen]]

+ * [[einrahmen]]

+ * [[umrahmen]]

+ * [[Bilderrahmen]]

+ * [[Stickrahmen]]

+ * [[Rahmenerzählung]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Rand]]

+ * [[Ranft]]

+ * [[Rumpf]]

+ * [[nl|raam]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Aus dem Rahmen fallen'' is to depart markedly from what is usual or expected, and ''nicht in den Rahmen passen'' is to be out of place.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Duden 7 2020)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}