sozial German · revision 35125

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1674, Erhard Weigel|origins=la socius}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /zoˈtsi̯aːl/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''sozial''' (strong nominative masculine singular sozialer, comparative sozialer, superlative am sozialsten)^(Wiktionary)

+ The spelling ''social'' was replaced by ''sozial'' from the middle of the 19th century.^(WGd) In the 19th century a form ''sozialisch'' is occasionally found.^(DFWB)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|fr|social]], from [[la|sociālis|t=of society, sociable]], from [[m|la|socius|t=sharing; companion]].^(Kluge 2011|860)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|794)^(DFWB) Duden, Wahrig and the Deutsches Fremdwörterbuch connect [[m|la|socius]] with [[m|la|sequor|t=to follow, accompany]], with an original sense “going along, follower”.^(Duden 7 2020|794)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch)^(DFWB) Related forms are [[nl|sociaal]], [[en|social]] and [[sv|social]].^(Kluge 2011|860) Pfeifer and Paul think that the earliest compounds of this kind, at the end of the 18th century, rest on a direct borrowing from Latin rather than on French.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Wortgeschichte digital finds the first record in Erhard Weigel's ''Arithmetische Beschreibung der Moral-Weißheit'' (1674).^(WGd) From the 1760s the word appears in its French spelling in connection with Rousseau's ''Du contrat social'' (1762).^(WGd) The Deutsches Fremdwörterbuch and Paul cite Schlözer's ''SocialStand'' (1793), the “social state” that follows the state of nature, and ''Socialgesetz'' (1795), which Paul derives from Latin ''ius sociale''.^(DFWB)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In French ''social'' meant “sociable” at the start of the 17th century; the Encyclopedists gave it the sense “directed to life in common”, the Physiocrats tied it to the economy, and Saint-Simon opposed it to ''individuel''.^(Pfeifer 1993) The German translations of Rousseau's ''Contrat social'' of 1800 still render it with ''gesellschaftlich''.^(Pfeifer 1993) As an independent adjective ''sozial'' first appears at the beginning of the 19th century, in Schelling and Goethe,^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) and it was only with the French revolutionary ideas that came in after 1830 that it became established and a political watchword: ''die soziale Frage'' (about 1830), ''soziale Revolution'' (1848).^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) [[Sozialismus]] was taken over from French ''socialisme'' in 1839.^(Pfeifer 1993) From the middle of the 19th century it also referred to the structure of society (''soziale Stellung'').^(Paul 2002)

+

+ From the early 20th century ''sozial'' became a moral term, “humane, directed to the common good”,^(Paul 2002) and [[asozial]] was coined as its opposite.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|794) ''Soziale Marktwirtschaft'' has been a watchword of the CDU since 1949.^(Paul 2002) In zoology it has been used since the 19th century of animals living in communities.^(Paul 2002) Hungarian borrowed ''szociális'' in 1834.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1674 – First record, in Erhard Weigel.^(WGd)

+ * 1760s – The word appears in French spelling with reference to Rousseau.^(WGd)

+ * 1793 – Schlözer uses ''SocialStand''.^(DFWB)^(Paul 2002)

+ * Early 19th century – ''sozial'' used as an independent adjective by Schelling and Goethe.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * c. 1830 – ''die soziale Frage''.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1839 – ''Sozialismus'' is taken over from French.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1842 – Lorenz von Stein uses ''Sozialpolitik''.^(Paul 2002)

+ * Mid-19th century – The spelling ''sozial'' replaces ''social''.^(WGd)

+ * 1949 – ''soziale Marktwirtschaft'' becomes a watchword of the CDU.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Relating to the life of people together in a [[m|en|society]]: ''soziale Spannungen in einem Land''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Relating to society and its economic and political structure: ''die soziale Frage'', the problems that arose with [[m|en|industrialization]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Relating to a person's place among the groups of a society: ''sozialer Aufstieg''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Serving the [[m|en|common good]] and protecting the economically weaker: ''Er hat immer sehr sozial gehandelt.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''(zoology)'' Living in [[m|en|colony|alt=colonies]] or communities: ''Ameisen sind soziale Tiere.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[asozial]]

+ * [[Sozialismus]]

+ * [[Sozialist]]

+ * [[sozialistisch]]

+ * [[sozialisieren]]

+ * [[Soziologie]]

+ * [[Sozialdemokratie]]

+ * [[Sozialpolitik]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Sozius]]

+ * [[assoziieren]]

+ * [[konsequent]]

+ * [[en|social]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}