persönlich German · revision 35119

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=before 1326, Meister Eckhart|origins=la persōna}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /pɛʁˈzøːnlɪç/, [pʰɛɐ̯ˈzøːnlɪç]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''persönlich''' (strong nominative masculine singular persönlicher, comparative persönlicher, superlative am persönlichsten)^(Wiktionary)

+ In the 16th century it was still also written without umlaut, as in Middle High German.^(DWB|13, 1566)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|persōnlich]], a derivative of [[m|gmh|persōn|t=person]] (modern [[Person]]) with the suffix [[-lich]].^(Wiktionary)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Köbler MHD) The noun was borrowed in the 12th century from [[la|persōna|t=mask, role, person]],^(Kluge 2011|694)^(Pfeifer 1993) whose origin is disputed.^(Kluge 2011|694) Köbler connects it with [[m|la|per|t=through]] and [[m|la|sonō|t=to sound]].^(Köbler MHD) [[yi|פּערזענלעך|tr=perzenlekh]] is the same adjective.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Middle High German ''persœnlich'' is found in Meister Eckhart (before 1326), Tauler and Seuse, meaning “personal, essential”;^(Köbler MHD) Pfeifer gives the Middle High German sense as “in one's own person”.^(Pfeifer 1993) Early New High German also used it of the persons of the Trinity.^(FWB)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In the 16th century ''persönlich'' could also mean “of fine figure, stately”, as in Melanchthon and in Stumpf's chronicle; the Grimms call this sense obsolete and dialectal.^(DWB|13, 1566)^(FWB) The sense “in one's own person” is common from the 17th century, with Goethe's ''die persönliche gegenwart der regentin'' and Schiller's ''in persönlichem gefecht''.^(DWB|13, 1566) Luther already spoke of ''personliche laster'', vices belonging to a particular person, and Lessing of personal satire.^(DWB|13, 1566) In grammar ''persönliches Zeitwort'' is recorded in 1672.^(DWB|13, 1566) Pfeifer also lists the senses “confidential” and “offensive”,^(Pfeifer 1993) and ''persönlich werden'' is to make remarks aimed at someone's person.^(Duden GWDS 1999) [[Persönlichkeit]] is late Middle High German ''persōnlīcheit''.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Before 1326 – Meister Eckhart uses ''persœnlich''.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * Late Middle High German – ''persōnlīcheit'' is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 16th century – The sense “stately”, and the spelling without umlaut.^(DWB|13, 1566)

+ * 1672 – ''persönliches Zeitwort'' in grammar.^(DWB|13, 1566)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Characteristic of a particular person: ''eine sehr persönliche Handschrift''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(philosophy, religion)'' Existing as a [[m|en|person]]: ''ein persönlicher Gott''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(grammar)'' Referring to the first, second or third person: ''persönliches Fürwort'', a [[m|en|personal pronoun]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Direct, between individual people: ''ein persönliches Gespräch''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Warm, [[m|en|friendly]]: ''ein paar persönliche Worte''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Aimed at a person: ''etwas persönlich nehmen'', to take something personally.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # One's own, [[m|en|private]]: ''aus persönlichen Gründen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # In person, oneself: ''Die Ministerin erschien persönlich.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Persönlichkeit]]

+ * [[unpersönlich]]

+ * [[höchstpersönlich]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Person]]

+ * [[personal]]

+ * [[personell]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}