Auge German · revision 35117

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=3rd quarter of the 8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=ine-pro *h₃ekʷ-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈaʊ̯ɡə/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Auge''' ''n'' (genitive Auges, plural Augen, diminutive Äugelchen n or Äuglein n or Äugelein n)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old and Middle High German declined the word weakly, with occasional strong plurals such as Wolfram's ''sîniu ouge''.^(DWB2|3, 870) Today the singular is strong and the plural weak.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|ouge]], [[inh|goh|ouga]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*augā]], [[inh|gem-pro|*augô|t=eye]].^(Kluge 2011|74)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The same word is [[got|𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉|tr=augō]], [[non|auga]], [[ang|ēage]], [[ofs|āge]] and [[osx|ōga]], and in the modern languages [[nl|oog]], [[en|eye]], [[sv|öga]] and [[is|auga]].^(Kluge 2011|74)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013) It continues the Indo-European word for the eye, from the root [[ine-pro|*h₃ekʷ-|t=eye; to see]], which is also found in [[sa|अक्षि|tr=ákṣi]], [[grc|ὄσσε|tr=ósse|t=the two eyes (dual)]], [[la|oculus]], [[cu|око|tr=oko]] and [[lt|akis|alt=akìs]].^(Kluge 2011|74)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB2|3, 870) The Duden dictionary notes that if the root first meant “to see”, the eye was named as “the seer”.^(Duden 7 2020|116)

+

+ The Germanic diphthong is irregular.^(Kluge 2011|74)^(Pfeifer 1993) The expected form would have had /a/ and a /gw/ cluster, which may survive in the Old High German adjective [[m|goh|awizoraht|t=evident]], recorded about 800.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB2|3, 870) Pfeifer, the Grimms' revised dictionary and Kroonen explain the /au/ as taken over from the word for the ear, [[gem-pro|*auzô]] (see [[Ohr]]).^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB2|3, 870)^(Kroonen 2013) Kluge speaks instead of an irregular shift of the /w/ of the labiovelar, as in [[Haupt]].^(Kluge 2011|74) Kroonen also mentions, as more doubtful, a blend of two stem forms that arose within the paradigm through Verner's law.^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''ouga'' is recorded from the third quarter of the 8th century in glosses, and then in the Isidor translation, the Monsee Fragments, Tatian, Otfrid and Notker.^(EWA|6, 1252)^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|247) It meant “eye”, and also “look, sight, face”.^(EWA|6, 1252)^(Schützeichel 2012|247) Phrases such as ''under ougōn'' “in someone's face” and ''ze ougon bringen'' “to make visible” are already found.^(Schützeichel 2012|247)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ By the Early New High German period ''auge'' also meant a bud on a plant, the pip of a die and the point of a playing card.^(FWB)^(EWA|6, 1252) The Duden dictionary groups the transferred uses as things shaped like an eye: openings and spots, a bud, a pip on a die and a drop of fat on soup.^(Duden 7 2020|116) The use of ''äugeln'' for grafting by budding, which follows the sense “bud”, became common in the 17th century.^(Pfeifer 1993) Modern German also uses the word for the eye of a storm.^(EWA|6, 1252)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Paul calls the word central to Goethe, for whom the eye both takes in the world and reveals the mind.^(Paul 2002) Many phrases come from Luther's Bible, among them ''Gnade vor jemandes Augen finden'' (Genesis 18:3) and ''sich die Augen ausweinen''.^(Paul 2002) ''Ein Auge auf etwas haben'' “to aim at something secretly” is recorded by Adelung, and ''ein Auge auf etwas werfen'' by Kramer in 1700.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 3rd quarter of the 8th century – Old High German ''ouga'' appears in glosses.^(EWA|6, 1252)^(Köbler AHD)

+ * c. 800 – The adjective ''awizoraht'' “evident” is glossed.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 12th century – Old High German ''ougaphul'' “eyeball” is found in a manuscript of this date.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * Mid-14th century – The participle ''geöugelt'' describes peacock feathers “provided with eyes”.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 16th century – ''Äugeln'' “to cast loving glances” and ''liebäugeln'' come into use.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 17th century – ''Äugeln'' is used for grafting by budding.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * Early 19th century – ''Äugen'' “to look” becomes frequent, chiefly as a hunting word.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The [[m|en|eye]], the organ of sight of humans and many animals: ''Sie hat grüne Augen.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A [[m|en|bud]] or shoot on a plant, especially on a potato, a vine or a fruit tree.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A [[m|en|pip]] on a die; in some card games, the points a card counts.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # A drop of [[m|en|fat]] floating on a liquid, usually on soup.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(nautical)'' A loop spliced at the end of a rope, or a large [[m|en|eyelet]] in a rope's end.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # The hole for the handle of a hammer or an axe.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # The eye of a [[m|en|storm]], the calm area at its centre.^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Augapfel]]

+ * [[äugen]]

+ * [[äugeln]]

+ * [[liebäugeln]]

+ * [[Augenblick]]

+ * [[Augenbraue]]

+ * [[Augenlid]]

+ * [[Augenmaß]]

+ * [[Augenschein]]

+ * [[blauäugig]]

+ * [[Hühnerauge]]

+ * [[Neunauge]]

+ * [[Fettauge]]

+ * [[Bullauge]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ereignen]]

+ * [[Okular]]

+ * [[Optik]]

+ * [[en|eye]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Auge um Auge, Zahn um Zahn'' “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth” comes from the Bible and originally described the penalties of a code of law.^(Duden 7 2020|116) ''Das Auge des Gesetzes'' (jocular) “the police” became known through Schiller's ''Lied von der Glocke''.^(Duden 7 2020|116) ''Jemandem Sand in die Augen streuen'' “to deceive someone” goes back to the old trick of throwing sand in an opponent's eyes in a fight.^(Duden 7 2020|116)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}