Titel German · revision 35087

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=late 8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=la titulus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈtiːtl/, /ˈtɪtl/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Titel''' ''m'' (genitive Titels, plural Titel)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|titel]], [[inh|goh|titul]], [[bor|la|titulus|t=inscription, heading, title]], borrowed in the 8th century.^(Kluge 2011|918)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|860) Old High German also had a feminine [[m|goh|titula]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|21, 522) The origin of the Latin word is unclear.^(Kluge 2011|918)^(Duden 7 2020|860) Köbler cites Walde and Hofmann for a probable Etruscan influence on it.^(Köbler MHD) Pfeifer thinks Old French [[m|fro|title]] may also have played a part.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ The same Latin word gave [[fr|titre]], [[it|titolo]] and [[en|title]], and [[nl|titel]], [[sv|titel]] and [[is|titill]] are parallel loans.^(Kluge 2011|918)^(DWB|21, 522)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''titula'' appears in glosses at the end of the 8th century, meaning a stroke, a dot or a heading, and ''titul'' in the Tatian (about 830) for the inscription on the cross of Christ: ''inti screib titul Pîlâtus'', “and Pilate wrote a title”.^(Köbler AHD)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|21, 522)^(Schützeichel 2012|332)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From the inscription on the cross the word passed to the inscription on a grave or a column, a use Adelung found obsolete in the 1780s, and to the heading of a book (about 1400) or of a section of one.^(Paul 2002) In Luther's Bible ''Titel'' is still the smallest stroke of the written law (Matthew 5:18), a sense Adelung knew only from writing masters, often spelled ''Tüttel''.^(Adelung 1793)

+

+ From Early New High German on, ''Titel'' was also a legal claim or right, still kept in [[Rechtstitel]], and a name added to a person's name to show rank or office: Simon Roth (1571) has ''ein Ehr Tittel''.^(Paul 2002)^(Pfeifer 1993) Like ''Name'' it was often used scornfully of empty show.^(Paul 2002) In public finance it came to mean an item of a budget, and in the early 20th century a section of a code of law, as in the German Civil Code.^(Paul 2002) Today it also names a title won in sport and, by metonymy, a book or record on sale.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Late 8th century – Old High German ''titula'' appears in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * c. 830 – The Tatian uses ''titul'' for the inscription on the cross.^(Köbler AHD)^(DWB|21, 522)

+ * c. 1293 – Middle High German ''titel'' appears in the ''Martina''.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 1349 – [[titulieren]] is recorded.^(Paul 2002)

+ * c. 1400 – ''Titel'' is used for the title of a book.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1571 – Simon Roth uses ''Ehr Tittel'' for a title of honour.^(Paul 2002)

+ * First half of the 17th century – [[betiteln]] appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * Early 20th century – ''Titel'' names a section of a statute.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|title]] showing someone's rank, office or dignity, often put before the name: ''Er führt den Titel Professor.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A title won in a sports competition: ''Die Mannschaft verteidigte ihren Titel.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # The name of a book, piece of writing or work of art: ''Der Film läuft unter einem anderen Titel.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # A work published under a title, as a book or record: ''Der Verlag bringt im Herbst zwanzig neue Titel heraus.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Short for [[Titelblatt]], the [[m|en|title page]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(law)'' A section of a statute or contract.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''(economics)'' A group of items in a [[m|en|budget]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(law)'' A legal claim, and a judgment or other instrument on which [[m|en|enforcement]] can be based.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[titulieren]]

+ * [[betiteln]]

+ * [[Titulatur]]

+ * [[Untertitel]]

+ * [[Titelblatt]]

+ * [[Titelei]]

+ * [[Rechtstitel]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Tilde]]

+ * [[en|title]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}