hinter German · revision 35084

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=early 9th century, Old High German glosses|origins=gem-pro *hinder}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈhɪntər/, [ˈhɪn.tɐ]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hinter'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|hinder]], [[inh|goh|hintar]], [[inh|gem-pro|*hinder|t=behind]].^(Kluge 2011|417)^(Wiktionary)^(EWA|4, 1041) Kluge reconstructs the Germanic preposition as [[m|gem-pro|*henderan]].^(Kluge 2011|417) The same word is [[got|𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂|tr=hindar|t=behind, beyond]] and [[ang|hinder]], and [[non|hindri|t=later, farther]] is an adjective.^(Kluge 2011|417)^(Duden 7 2014|385)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ Kluge takes it for the accusative neuter of an old comparative in [[ine-pro|*-tero-]] or of a contrastive formation, and [[m|got|𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃|tr=hindumists|t=hindmost]] and [[ang|hindema]] show the matching superlative.^(Kluge 2011|417)^(Pfeifer 1993) Its base is the stem of [[hinten]], probably a compound pronoun of the kind seen in [[non|hann|t=he]].^(Kluge 2011|417)^(Duden 7 2014|385)^(Pfeifer 1993) The Grimms' dictionary, by contrast, did not see a comparative in it.^(DWB|10, 1496) No certain cognates are known outside Germanic.^(Duden 7 2014|385)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch)

+

+ In Upper German, West Germanic /nd/ regularly appears as ⟨nt⟩ in Old High German, but Middle High German mostly wrote ⟨nd⟩, and ⟨nt⟩ returned in the 15th century, as in [[unter]].^(Wiktionary)^(Lexer 1872|1, 1293)^(EWA|4, 1041)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The superlative ''hintarōsto'' is recorded in the 8th century, and the preposition ''hintar'' from the early 9th century, in glosses and then in Notker and Williram, meaning “behind”, also “at, in”, and with verbs “back”, as in ''hintar sih'' “backwards”.^(Kluge 2011|417)^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|153)^(EWA|4, 1041)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Middle High German the preposition could also take the genitive.^(Lexer 1872|1, 1293) In modern German it takes the dative for a position and the accusative for a movement to a place behind something, and it was transferred to rank (to fall behind someone), to time (to have something behind one) and to support (to stand behind someone).^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999) As an adverb meaning “to the back” or “down (the throat)” it survives only in regional speech of eastern Central and southern Germany and of Austria.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ An inflected adjective ''hintaro'' “rear, lower, later” developed in Old High German (10th century), and its noun ''der Hintere'' became [[Hintern]] “buttocks” (18th century).^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|417) Many compounds were formed: [[hintergehen]] (Middle High German ''hindergān'' “to come at an enemy from behind, outwit, deceive”), [[Hinterhalt]] and [[Hinterlist]] (both Middle High German), [[hinterrücks]] (15th century), [[Hintergrund]] (second half of the 18th century, first of painting and the stage), [[Hintertreffen]] (18th century, the rear line of an army that took no part in the battle) and [[Hinterwäldler]] (19th century, after English ''backwoodsman'').^(Duden 7 2014|385)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch) English borrowed [[m|en|hinterland]], and also ''hinterhand'', a term of the card game skat.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – The superlative ''hintarōsto'' is recorded.^(Kluge 2011|417)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * Early 9th century – The preposition ''hintar'' appears in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)^(Kluge 2011|417)

+ * 10th century – The adjective ''hintaro'' is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 15th century – The spelling ''hinter'' becomes usual, and ''hinterrücks'' appears.^(Lexer 1872|1, 1293)^(Duden 7 2014|385)

+ * 18th century – ''Hintern'' and the military ''Hintertreffen'' appear.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * Second half of the 18th century – ''Hintergrund'' is used in painting and on the stage.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 19th century – ''Hinterwäldler'' and ''Hinterland'' are formed.^(Duden 7 2014|385)

+ * c. 1920 – ''hintergründig'' “enigmatic” appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # ''(with dative)'' [[m|en|behind|alt=Behind]], on the far side of: ''Das Fahrrad steht hinter der Garage.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(with accusative)'' To a place behind: ''Der Ball ist hinter den Schrank gerollt.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # In rank or order: behind, after: ''Sie blieb hinter ihren eigenen Erwartungen zurück.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Of time already passed: ''etwas hinter sich haben'', to have got through something.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Following on, [[m|en|beyond]]: ''Hinter Ulm wird die Autobahn schmaler.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # After, in pursuit of: ''hinter jemandem her sein''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # ''(regional, eastern Central and southern Germany, Austria)'' To the back, over there.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Hintern]]

+ * [[hintergehen]]

+ * [[Hintergrund]]

+ * [[hintergründig]]

+ * [[Hinterhalt]]

+ * [[hinterhältig]]

+ * [[Hinterlist]]

+ * [[hinterlistig]]

+ * [[hinterrücks]]

+ * [[Hintertreffen]]

+ * [[Hinterwäldler]]

+ * [[Hinterland]]

+ * [[Hinterhof]]

+ * [[Hintermann]]

+ * [[hinterher]]

+ * [[hintereinander]]

+ * [[Hinterbliebene]]

+ * [[hinterbringen]]

+ * [[hintertreiben]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[hinten]]

+ * [[hindern]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Ins Hintertreffen geraten'' “to fall behind, end up at a disadvantage” comes from the rear line of an army, which had no share in the victory.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch) The contracted forms ''hinterm'' and ''hinters'' (for ''hinter dem'', ''hinter das'') are colloquial.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}