laut German · revision 35063

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Hildebrandslied|origins=ine-pro *ḱleuə-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /laʊ̯t/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''laut''' (strong nominative masculine singular lauter, comparative lauter, superlative am lautesten)^(Wiktionary)

+ As a preposition it is invariable and takes the genitive, sometimes the dative under the influence of ''nach''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|lūt]], [[inh|goh|lūt]], also [[m|goh|hlūt]] and [[m|goh|chlūd]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*hlūd|t=loud]].^(Kluge 2011|563)^(Wiktionary)^(Schützeichel 2012|210) The same adjective is [[ang|hlūd]], [[ofs|hlūd]] and [[osx|hlūd]], and today [[nl|luid]] and [[en|loud]].^(Kluge 2011|563)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013) Kroonen sets it up for Proto-Germanic as [[m|gem-pro|*hlūdaz|alt=*hlūda-]], but the Grimms' dictionary notes that it is missing in Gothic and Old Norse.^(Kroonen 2013)^(DWB|12, 366)

+

+ It is a participle with the suffix [[m|ine-pro|*-to-]] of the root [[ine-pro|*ḱleuə-|t=to hear]], and so first meant “heard, audible”.^(Kluge 2011|563)^(Duden 7 2020)^(Duden GWDS 1999) The same participle from the simpler root is [[sa|श्रुत|tr=śrutá|t=heard, famous]], [[grc|κλυτός|tr=klutós|t=famous]] and [[la|inclutus|t=famous]], where the sense has become “renowned”.^(Kluge 2011|563)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020) Pfeifer stresses that the Germanic word has a different ablaut grade, and Kroonen that its long /ū/ arose within Germanic, perhaps in a form meaning “hearable”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013) [[Leumund]] and perhaps [[lauschen]] belong to the same root.^(Duden 7 2020)^(Kluge 2011|563)

+

+ The preposition comes from the noun [[Laut|t=sound; wording]], the abstract noun of the adjective, in formulas such as [[gmh|nāch lūte|t=according to the wording]] followed by the text or author in the genitive.^(Kluge 2011|563)^(Paul 2002)^(Duden 7 2020)^(Wiktionary) Wiktionary's German edition instead derives it from the verb [[lauten]].^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''hlūt'' appears in the 8th century, in the ''Hildebrandslied'', and then in Isidor, Otfrid, Notker and the glosses, meaning “loud, audible, resounding” and also “known”.^(Kluge 2011|563)^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|210) Isidor writes that the people ''chihôrdon gotes stimna hlûda in Sînaberge'' “heard God's voice loud on Mount Sinai”.^(DWB|12, 366)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Usually ''laut'' refers to a strong sound, the opposite of [[leise]], but it can also mean just “audible”, the opposite of ''still'', as in ''laut denken''; from there it came to mean “known, public”, as in Luther's ''da nun das Gebot … laut ward'' and Schiller.^(Paul 2002) Middle High German ''lūt'' could also describe what is bright and clear to the eye.^(Pfeifer 1993) The old adverb, Old High German ''hlūto'', still appears as ''laute'' in the 17th century, and the rare umlauted comparative ''läuter'' occurs in Konrad von Megenberg.^(DWB|12, 366)

+

+ The noun ''Laut'' first named anything heard, then the content of a document read aloud (as still in [[Wortlaut]]); from ''nāch lūte'' “according to the wording” the preposition ''laut'' arose in the 15th century, now “according to” any source.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden 7 2020)^(Kluge 2011|563) Kluge compares the modern ''Originalton X''.^(Kluge 2011|563) In hunting a dog ''gibt Laut'' when it barks to signal game, and [[vorlaut]], said in the 16th century of a hound that gives tongue too early, was applied to forward children in the 18th.^(Paul 2002)^(Pfeifer 1993) Esperanto took both ''laŭta'' “loud” and ''laŭ'' “according to” from German.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German ''hlūt'' in the ''Hildebrandslied'' and glosses.^(Kluge 2011|563)^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 10th century – The abstract noun, Old High German ''hlūtī'', ''lūtīn''.^(Kluge 2011|563)

+ * 15th century – The preposition ''laut'' “according to” from ''nāch lūte''.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 16th century – ''vorlaut'' of a hound giving tongue too early.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 18th century – ''Laut'' becomes a term of linguistics, “speech sound”.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1822 – Jacob Grimm coins ''Lautverschiebung'' “sound shift”.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|loud|alt=Loud]], clearly audible: ''ein lauter Knall'';^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary) ''laut lesen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|noisy|alt=Noisy]], full of noise: ''ein lautes Viertel''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of colours or advertising: [[m|en|garish]], loud.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # In ''laut werden'': to become known, be voiced: ''Kritik wurde laut''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ===Preposition===

+ # [[m|en|according to|alt=According to]], as stated in: ''laut Fahrplan'';^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)^(Paul 2002) ''laut Polizei''.^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[lauten]]

+ * [[läuten]]

+ * [[Laut]]

+ * [[vorlaut]]

+ * [[kleinlaut]]

+ * [[verlautbaren]]

+ * [[Wortlaut]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Leumund]]

+ * [[lauschen]]

+ * [[en|loud]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Laut denken'' is to think aloud, to talk to oneself; it is also used of floating an idea in public.^(Duden GWDS 1999) With the preposition, a noun without an article often stays uninflected (''laut Vertrag''), and Goethe uses the dative (''laut dem Vorbericht'').^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}