dagegen German · revision 35042

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=c. 1000, Notker|origins=gmw-pro *þǣr, gem-pro *gagna-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /daˈɡeːɡən/, [daˈɡeːɡŋ̩], [daˈɡeːɡən]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Adverb, also: /ˈdaːɡeːɡən/, [ˈdaːɡeːɡŋ̩], [ˈdaːɡeːɡən]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''dagegen''' (adverb and conjunction; invariable); older and regional ''dargegen''^(Wiktionary)

+ Luther writes ''dagegen'' in the Bible, but ''dargegen'' is used by Hans Sachs, Maaler, Schupp and Stieler.^(DWB|2, 676) ''Da-'' alone has prevailed since the end of the 18th century.^(DWB2|6, 64)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|dargegen]], [[inh|goh|daragagan|t=against it, on the other hand]], a compound of [[m|goh|dara|t=there, thither]] and [[m|goh|gagan|t=against, towards]].^(DWB2|6, 64)^(Köbler AHD)^(Köbler MHD) From early Middle High German its parts were felt as [[da]] and the preposition [[gegen]].^(DWB2|6, 64) The same compound is [[gml|darjegen]], [[dum|daerjegen]] and [[enm|þer ʒein]].^(DWB2|6, 64) It was a new formation of Notker's time beside the older synonym [[daentgegen]], which it replaced from the 16th century.^(DWB2|6, 64)

+

+ The first element continues [[gmw-pro|*þǣr|t=there]], a locative of the demonstrative stem [[ine-pro|*to-]]; its final ⟨r⟩ dropped in Middle High German except before a vowel, as in [[daran]].^(Kluge 2011|177) The preposition goes back to [[gem-pro|*gagna-]], also in [[non|gagn]] and [[ang|geagn]], which has no clear relatives outside Germanic.^(Kluge 2011|340)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''daragagan'' is first found in Notker (about 1000) and in 10th-century glosses, meaning “against it, on the contrary, on the other hand”, and also “thither”.^(Köbler AHD)^(DWB2|6, 64) Notker uses it often;^(DWB2|6, 64)^(Köbler MHD) Middle High German adopted it only slowly, from the ''Anegenge'' of about 1173.^(DWB2|6, 64)^(Köbler MHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The oldest use is spatial: movement towards a goal, as in Wolfram's ''Parzival'', where hunger makes the boy turn ''dergegene'', towards the house.^(DWB|2, 676)^(DWB2|6, 64) The figurative senses of opposition and refusal grew out of it; since the beginning of the 18th century ''dagegen sein'' and ''etwas dagegen haben'' express an objection.^(Paul 2002)^(DWB|2, 676) It is also used for something given in exchange, where ''dafür'' is often possible, and for comparison.^(DWB|2, 676)^(Duden GWDS 1999) As an adversative conjunction, “on the other hand, whereas”, like [[hingegen]], it goes back to Middle High German.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ In northern German speech the parts are often separated: ''da habe ich nichts gegen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999) A noun ''das Dagegen'' is found in Stefan Zweig in 1942.^(DWB2|6, 70)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 10th century – ''daragagan'' in Old High German glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * c. 1000 – Notker uses ''daragagan'' often.^(DWB2|6, 64)

+ * c. 1173 – Middle High German ''dagegen'' in the ''Anegenge''.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 16th century – ''dagegen'' increases rapidly as ''daentgegen'' declines.^(DWB2|6, 64)

+ * Early 18th century – ''dagegen sein'' “to be opposed” comes into use.^(Paul 2002)

+ * End of the 18th century – ''da-'' finally replaces ''dar-''.^(DWB2|6, 64)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # Against it, against that place or object: ''Er lehnte das Fahrrad dagegen.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Against it, in [[m|en|opposition]] or defence: ''dagegen sein'', ''etwas dagegen haben'' “to [[m|en|object]]”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # In comparison, by [[m|en|contrast]] with it.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # In exchange for it.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # However, on the other hand, whereas: ''Im Norden regnet es, im Süden dagegen scheint die Sonne.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Dagegen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[da]]

+ * [[gegen]]

+ * [[hingegen]]

+ * [[dafür]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The conjunction is stressed on the second syllable, while the adverb may also be stressed on the first, ''dágegen'', for emphasis.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}