Regierung German · revision 35035

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 1390, Pilgerfahrt|origins=la regō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /reˈɡiːrʊŋ/, [ʁeˈɡiː.ʁʊŋ], [ʁə-]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Regierung''' ''f'' (genitive Regierung, plural Regierungen)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|de|regieren|-ung]], first recorded in late Middle High German as [[m|gmh|regierunge]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Duden 7 2007)^(Köbler MHD)^(Wiktionary) Pfeifer dates the noun to the middle of the 15th century.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ The verb is [[gmh|regieren|t=to rule]], recorded from the 13th century.^(Kluge 2011|754) Kluge derives it from [[fro|reger]], itself from [[la|regō|alt=regere|t=to direct, guide]];^(Kluge 2011|754)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2007) Pfeifer allows a borrowing either from [[m|fro|regir]] or straight from the Latin verb, and the Duden speaks of a Latin word taken over under the influence of the French one.^(Kluge 2011|754)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2007) A Middle High German and early modern variant [[m|gmh|regnieren]] (until the 16th century) goes back to [[m|fro|regner]] or [[m|la|rēgnō|alt=rēgnāre|t=to be king, reign]].^(Pfeifer 1993) The Latin verb belongs to the same Indo-European family as [[recht]].^(Duden 7 2007)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first record listed by Köbler is in the Middle High German ''Pilgerfahrt'' (about 1390), with the sense “rule”.^(Köbler MHD) In Early New High German it meant the exercise of power, especially by a single noble ruler such as a duke, king or emperor, and by metonymy the period of a reign; it also meant leadership or control in general, and a rule or regulation.^(FWB)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From the act of ruling the word passed to the body that rules: Early New High German already uses it for an institutional council that carries out the tasks of government.^(FWB) Adelung, around 1800, still gives it wide senses, from steering a cart to God's governance of all things, before its narrowest use for the exercise of power in a state.^(Adelung 1793) Today the main sense is the supreme executive organ of a state and the people who form it.^(Duden GWDS 1999) In Bavaria a ''Regierung'' is also an administrative authority at the middle level, between the state and the districts.^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 13th century – Middle High German ''regieren'' is recorded.^(Kluge 2011|754)

+ * c. 1390 – ''regierunge'' in the ''Pilgerfahrt''.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * mid-15th century – Pfeifer's date for the noun.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 16th century – The variant ''regnieren'' of the verb goes out of use.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1793 – Adelung records the senses from steering to governing a state.^(Adelung 1793)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The act of governing, the exercise of power in a state, a [[m|en|reign]]: ''während seiner Regierung blühte der Handel''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A [[m|en|government]], the supreme organ of a state and the people who make it up: ''die Regierung ist zurückgetreten''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Bavaria)'' An [[m|en|administrative]] authority at the middle level of the state.^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Regierungspräsident]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[regieren]]

+ * [[Regent]]

+ * [[Regel]]

+ * [[Region]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}