laufen German · revision 35033

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German|origins=gem-pro *hlaupaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈlaʊ̯fən/, [ˈlaʊ̯fn̩], [ˈlaʊ̯fɱ̩]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''laufen''' (class 7 strong, third-person singular present läuft, past tense lief, past participle gelaufen, auxiliary sein)^(Wiktionary)

+ Middle High German and Upper German dialects kept the unumlauted present ''du laufst'', ''er lauft'', still used by Opitz and by Goethe in a letter of 1782.^(DWB|12, 314)^(Paul 2002) The past participle was also ''geloffen'', still in Wieland and once in Goethe's ''Urfaust''.^(Paul 2002)^(Adelung 1793)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|loufen]], [[inh|goh|hloufan]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*hlaupan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*hlaupaną|t=to leap forward]], originally a reduplicating strong verb.^(Kluge 2011|562)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The same verb is [[got|𐌿𐍃𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌽|tr=ushlaupan|t=to leap up]], [[non|hlaupa|t=to run, leap]], [[ang|hlēapan|t=to leap, dance]], [[ofs|hlāpa]] and [[osx|hlōpan|alt=-hlōpan]], and today [[nl|lopen]], [[en|leap]] and [[sv|löpa]].^(Kluge 2011|562)^(Pfeifer 1993) Old High German still has the initial /h/ in its oldest records.^(EWA|5, 1462)

+

+ Its origin is unclear.^(Kluge 2011|562)^(Wiktionary DE) Kluge and Seebold consider an extension of [[ine-pro|*keleu-|t=to travel]], found in [[lt|keliauti|alt=keliáuti|t=to travel]] and [[grc|κέλευθος|tr=kéleuthos|t=path, journey]].^(Kluge 2011|562)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch) Wiktionary derives it from [[ine-pro|*klewb-|t=to spring, hop]], comparing [[m|lt|klupti|alt=klùpti|t=to stumble]], a link Pfeifer finds possible in sound but unsatisfying in meaning.^(Wiktionary)^(Pfeifer 1993) Paul and the Duden suppose an original sense “to hop, dance (in a circle)”.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''loufan'' is recorded from the 8th century, in glosses and then in the Benedictine Rule, the Tatian, Otfrid and Notker.^(Kluge 2011|562)^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|207) It meant “to run, hurry, go, move” and “to flow”.^(Schützeichel 2012|207)^(EWA|5, 1462)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Early New High German the verb already covered walking at an ordinary pace, running fast, the movement and turning of things, the working of devices and the course of affairs.^(FWB)^(EWA|5, 1462) In newer German the idea of speed often recedes, so that ''laufen'' can stand for [[gehen]]: in the south-west and in Franconia it is the ordinary word for walking (''spazieren laufen''), while the standard language links it with speed.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) In New High German it is also used of vehicles and machines, and later of films, programs and contracts.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German ''hloufan'' is recorded.^(Kluge 2011|562)^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 863–871 – Otfrid uses the verb and the noun louf.^(Schützeichel 2012|207)^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 1060–1080 – Middle High German ''loufen'' in the ''Genesis''.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 1782 – Goethe writes ''er lauft'' in a letter.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|run]], move quickly on foot: ''er lief zum Bahnhof''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(colloquial)'' To [[m|en|walk]], go on foot: ''wir sind nach Hause gelaufen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To be able to walk: ''das Kind läuft schon''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # To cover a distance on foot: ''zehn Kilometer laufen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(sports)'' To compete as a runner, to run a race or a time: ''sie läuft für Österreich''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To move on skates or skis: ''Schlittschuh laufen'', ''Ski laufen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Of a machine or engine: to be running, in operation.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|flow]]: ''das Wasser läuft in die Wanne''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To extend in a certain direction: ''der Weg läuft am Fluss entlang''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To go, proceed, be in progress: ''wie läuft es im neuen Job?''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To be [[m|en|valid]], remain in force: ''der Vertrag läuft bis März''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To be registered: ''das Konto läuft auf ihren Namen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Of a film or programme: to be showing.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(computing)'' Of a program: to run.^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(colloquial)'' To sell well.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(hunting)'' Of a bitch: to be in [[m|en|heat]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[ablaufen]]

+ * [[anlaufen]]

+ * [[auflaufen]]

+ * [[auslaufen]]

+ * [[belaufen]]

+ * [[einlaufen]]

+ * [[Lauf]]

+ * [[Läufer]]

+ * [[läufig]]

+ * [[überlaufen]]

+ * [[verlaufen]]

+ * [[zerlaufen]]

+ * [[davonlaufen]]

+ * [[durchlaufen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Laufbahn]]

+ * [[Lauffeuer]]

+ * [[Wettlauf]]

+ * [[Zeitläufte]]

+ * [[Galopp]]

+ * [[Loipe]]

+ * [[en|leap]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}