Mannschaft German · revision 35030

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=13th century, Middle High German|origins=gem-pro *mann-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * [ˈmanʃaft]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Mannschaft''' ''f'' (genitive Mannschaft, plural Mannschaften)^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|manschaft]], a derivative [[af|de|Mann|-schaft]].^(Kluge 2011|599)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE) Wiktionary reconstructs the formation as [[gmw-pro|*mannskapi|t=humanness, humanity]] and compares [[en|manship]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The base is [[goh|man]], [[gem-pro|*mann-|t=man]], also continued in [[got|𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰|tr=manna]] and [[ang|mann]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Köbler AHD)^(Wiktionary) Pfeifer compares [[sa|मनु|tr=mánu|t=man, mankind]] and traces them to [[ine-pro|*manu-]]; most scholars connect this with the root [[ine-pro|*men-|t=to think]], making man “the thinking being”, but a link with the root meaning “to rise, tower” has also been proposed.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Köbler AHD)

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+ Kluge notes that the word had several meanings typical of an abstract or a collective noun: the status of a (feudal) man, and the body of his followers.^(Kluge 2011|599) The collective sense won through and was generalised.^(Kluge 2011|599)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Middle High German ''manschaft'' is recorded from the 13th century.^(Kluge 2011|599)^(Wiktionary DE) It belonged to the language of feudal law: the relation of a vassal to his lord, the duty and the oath of homage, and the vassals or retainers themselves.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|532)^(Köbler MHD) Köbler's earliest source is Wolfram's ''Willehalm'' of about 1210.^(Köbler MHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The Grimms' dictionary distinguishes four old uses: the state of being a man, ''virilitas''; the feudal bond between vassal and lord; sexual potency, as in ''jemandem die Mannschaft benehmen'', which Adelung marks as Upper German; and a body of men.^(DWB|12, 1602) Luther used the last sense in the Bible, where Holofernes threatens to slay Judith's ''manschaft'', the young men of her land.^(DWB|12, 1602) Around 1800 Adelung called the first two senses obsolete in High German, where the word was used only as a collective without a plural: the men called out to fight a fire or for a hunt, and the common soldiers.^(Adelung 1793)

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+ In modern German the word means a sports team, the crew of a ship or aircraft, the soldiers of a unit and, colloquially, a team of workers; the plural ''Mannschaften'' denotes the private soldiers as opposed to the officers.^(Duden GWDS 1999) The word was borrowed into Czech as ''manšaft'' and Slovak as ''mančaft'',^(LWP) and Törnqvist counts Swedish ''manskap'' among the German loans.^(LWP) Wiktionary notes that ''die Mannschaft'' has recently become a semi-official name for the German national football team, partly under the influence of the French ''la Mannschaft''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1210 – Middle High German ''manschaft'' appears in Wolfram's ''Willehalm''.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 13th century – The word is in general use in Middle High German.^(Kluge 2011|599)

+ * 1267 – First record in German-language charters.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 16th century – Luther uses ''manschaft'' for the men of a country.^(DWB|12, 1602)

+ * 1793 – Adelung records it as a collective for firemen, beaters and common soldiers.^(Adelung 1793)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|team]] of players or athletes competing together.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The [[m|en|crew]] of a ship, less often of an aircraft.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The soldiers of a military [[m|en|unit]]; in ''vor versammelter Mannschaft'' ''(colloquial)'', in front of everyone present.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(colloquial)'' A team of people working together: ''die neue Mannschaft im Rathaus''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''(military, in the plural)'' The private soldiers as distinct from the [[m|en|officer|alt=officers]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[mannschaftlich]]

+ * [[Fußballmannschaft]]

+ * [[Heimmannschaft]]

+ * [[Mannschaftsgeist]]

+ * [[Mannschaftsspiel]]

+ * [[Suchmannschaft]]

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Mann]]

+ * [[en|manship]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}