Stunde German · revision 35029

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=gem-pro *stundō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈʃtʊndə/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Stunde''' ''f'' (genitive Stunde, plural Stunden, diminutive Stündchen n or Stündlein n or Stunderl n)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|stunde]], [[inh|goh|stunta]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*stundu]], [[inh|gem-pro|*stundō|t=period of time, point in time, hour]].^(Kluge 2011|895)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The same word is [[osx|stunda]], [[ofs|stunde]], [[ang|stund]] and [[non|stund]], and today [[nl|stonde]], [[sv|stund]], [[is|stund]] and the dialectal or obsolete [[en|stound]].^(Kluge 2011|895)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(EWA|8, 1311) It is not recorded in Gothic.^(DWB|20, 487)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ Pfeifer, the Duden and Wahrig derive it, with an irregular ablaut grade, from the nasalised present stem of [[gem-pro|*standaną|t=to stand]] (see [[stehen]] and [[Stand]]), with an original sense “halt, fixed point” in the course of time, then “fixed time, set period”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|837)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch) Kluge finds this possible in meaning, comparing [[Weile]] and [[la|quiēs|t=rest]], but doubtful in form: the early derivatives of that family lack the nasal, and a zero grade has no place in their ablaut, so the morphology must be called unexplained.^(Kluge 2011|895) He gives closer attention to a proposal by H. Meier, who starts from [[la-vul|*stunda|t=short period]], reflected in [[sc|istunda]], [[ca|estona]] and [[co|stonda]], and derives it from [[m|la-vul|*extundus]], an adaptation of [[m|la|rotundus|t=round]], so that the first sense would be “a turn”.^(Kluge 2011|895) The Duden also allows a borrowing from that Vulgar Latin word.^(Duden 7 2020|837) Lithuanian [[m|lt|stundas|alt=stùndas|t=hour]] is a loan from German.^(DWB|20, 487)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''stunta'' is recorded from the late 8th century, first in glosses and in the Old High German Isidor, and then in the Monsee fragments, the Murbach hymns, Tatian, Otfrid, Notker and Williram.^(EWA|8, 1311)^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|318) It meant “hour, time, period, moment”, and also “time” in counting (''zi stuntōn'' “now”), forming numeral adverbs.^(Schützeichel 2012|318)^(EWA|8, 1311) Old Saxon ''stunda'' meant “hour, time, while”.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Middle High German ''stunde'' (also ''stunt'') was still a time or point in time of no fixed length: an occasion, a time (as in “three times”), a respite or deadline.^(Köbler MHD)^(Duden 7 2020|837) Only from about the 15th century did it name the fixed sixtieth-minute division of the 24-hour day marked on the clock;^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|837)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch) Paul quotes ''die drit stund des tags'' from 1512 and a day and night of ''24 stunden'' from 1565.^(Paul 2002) Soon the word also named what filled such an hour: a devotion or meeting in the 16th century, and a lesson from the 18th.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) It could also measure distance, as in ''eine stunde weges'' (1684), an hour's walk.^(Paul 2002)

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+ Older uses of the vague sense live on in phrases.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) ''Von Stund an'' (15th century) first meant “at once” and then “from then on”;^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) ''auf die Stunde'' “immediately” is from the 16th century; and a woman's ''schwere Stunde'', the hour of childbirth, is recorded in 1466.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) In mining a ''Stunde'' was one of the 24 divisions of the compass.^(Adelung 1793)^(Wiktionary DE) The verb ''stunden'' “to grant a delay” (17th century) probably came from the Hanseatic language of trade, Middle Low German ''stunden'' “to postpone”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|837) German ''Stunde'' was borrowed into Latvian as ''stunda'' and into Lower Sorbian as ''štunda'',^(Wiktionary) and Hebrew has ''shlafshtunde'' “siesta”.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Late 8th century – Old High German ''stunta'' appears in glosses and in Isidor.^(Köbler AHD)^(EWA|8, 1311)

+ * 15th century – ''Stunde'' becomes the name of the 60-minute hour.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|837)

+ * 15th century – ''Von Stund an'' “at once” is first recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1466 – ''Ihre schwere Stunde'' for the hour of childbirth.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1512 – ''Die drit stund des tags'', the third hour of the day.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 17th century – The verb ''stunden'' “to grant a delay” appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|837)

+ * 1684 – ''Eine stunde weges'' as a measure of distance.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 18th century – ''Stunde'' comes to mean “lesson”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1909 – ''Stundenkilometer'' is recorded.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # An [[m|en|hour]], a period of sixty [[m|en|minute|alt=minutes]], the 24th part of a day; also as a measure of distance: ''bis zum Dorf sind es zwei Stunden zu Fuß''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(literary)'' A short period in which something happens: ''eine stille Stunde am Abend''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # A [[m|en|moment]], a point in time: ''zur Stunde'' (at present), ''die Stunde der Wahrheit'', ''die Stunde null''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A [[m|en|lesson]] at school;^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary) ''(colloquial)'' a private lesson: ''sie nimmt Stunden in Latein''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(mining, dated)'' One of the 24 divisions of the compass, a [[m|en|angle]] of 15 degrees.^(Adelung 1793)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[stündlich]]

+ * [[Stundenhotel]]

+ * [[Stundenkilometer]]

+ * [[stundenlang]]

+ * [[stunden]]

+ * [[Stundung]]

+ * [[Stündchen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[stehen]]

+ * [[Stand]]

+ * [[en|stound]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Wissen, was die Stunde geschlagen hat'' is to know how things really stand, and ''ein Mann der ersten Stunde'' is someone who was involved from the very beginning.^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''Jemandes letzte Stunde hat geschlagen'' (also with the diminutive ''Stündlein'') means that someone's end has come.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}