tragen German · revision 35010

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=gem-pro *draganą}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈtʁaːɡn̩/, /ˈtʁaːɡŋ̩/, [ˈtʰʁ̥aːɡŋ̩]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''tragen''' (class 6 strong, third-person singular present trägt, past tense trug, past participle getragen, past subjunctive trüge, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|tragen]], [[inh|goh|tragan]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*dragan|t=to haul, carry]], [[inh|gem-pro|*draganą|t=to draw, drag]].^(Kluge 2011|923)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The same verb is [[osx|dragan]], [[ofs|draga]], [[ang|dragan]], [[non|draga]] and [[got|𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽|tr=dragan]]; in English and Norse it means “to pull” rather than “to carry”, hence [[en|draw]].^(Kluge 2011|923)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013) The Grimms' dictionary knows the Gothic verb only from one passage, the prefixed [[m|got|𐌲𐌰𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽|tr=gadragan|t=to heap up]] in 2 Timothy 4:3.^(DWB|21, 1048) Pfeifer and Paul take “to drag along the ground” as the starting sense, from which “to carry” developed.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ There is no certain cognate outside Germanic.^(Kluge 2011|923)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|865) [[la|trahō|t=to pull, drag]] corresponds in meaning but not in sound: Paul still considers it probably related despite the sound laws, Kluge notes that the sounds do not match, and Kroonen rules it out because of the initial /t/.^(Paul 2002)^(Kluge 2011|923)^(Kroonen 2013) Pfeifer reconstructs [[ine-pro|*dherāgh-|t=to pull, drag along the ground]] and compares [[sa|ध्रजति|tr=dhrájati|t=glides along]], and Kroonen sees an o-grade intensive verb but leaves the origin open.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''tragan'' is recorded from 765 in glosses, and in Isidor, the Tatian, Otfrid and Notker, meaning “to carry, bear, endure, bring, have with one”.^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|334) The agent noun ''tragāri'' is also Old High German, of the 8th century.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Paul thinks the verb at first referred only to living beings carrying something from place to place, and only later took things as its subject.^(Paul 2002) ''Jemanden auf Händen tragen'' “to cherish someone” spread from Luther's version of Psalm 91:12, and ''die eigene Haut zu Markte tragen'' “to risk one's own skin” is recorded by Steinbach.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ The nouns ''Tracht'' and ''Getreide'' “grain” belong to the verb.^(Duden 7 2020|865)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch) ''Trage'' “stretcher, carrying frame” is recorded around 1400, and ''Träger'' took the umlaut in the 14th century.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|865) ''Tragweite'', from the early 19th century, was first the range of a gun, translating French ''portée'', and since the mid-19th century the bearing or importance of a matter.^(Duden 7 2020|865) ''Antrag'' has had its sense “application, motion” since the 16th century, as a word of law and administration, and ''Auftrag'' “commission” is from the 17th.^(Duden 7 2020|865)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 765 – Old High German ''tragan'' appears in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 8th century – ''tragāri'' “carrier” is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 14th century – ''Träger'' takes the umlaut.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * c. 1400 – ''Trage'' appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 16th century – ''Antrag'' takes the sense “application, motion”.^(Duden 7 2020|865)

+ * 17th century – ''Auftrag'' “commission” appears.^(Duden 7 2020|865)

+ * Early 19th century – ''Tragweite'' is formed after French ''portée''.^(Duden 7 2020|865)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|carry]], hold and move by one's own strength: ''einen Rucksack auf dem Rücken tragen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To support from below, bear the weight of: ''Vier Pfeiler tragen die Brücke.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # Of water or air, to keep afloat or aloft: ''Das Meerwasser trägt den Schwimmer.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To [[m|en|bear]], endure (a fate, pain); to take on (responsibility, costs, consequences).^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|wear]] (clothes, glasses, jewellery), or one's hair in a certain way: ''Er trägt einen Bart.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To have with one for a purpose: ''eine Waffe tragen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(formal)'' To bear (a name or title).^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To bear (fruit), [[m|en|yield]]: ''Der Baum trägt in diesem Jahr gut.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of female mammals, to be [[m|en|pregnant]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # To have a certain range: ''eine tragende Stimme'' “a voice that carries”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(reflexive, finance)'' To pay for itself.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Träger]]

+ * [[Trage]]

+ * [[tragbar]]

+ * [[Tracht]]

+ * [[Antrag]]

+ * [[Auftrag]]

+ * [[Beitrag]]

+ * [[Vertrag]]

+ * [[Ertrag]]

+ * [[betragen]]

+ * [[vertragen]]

+ * [[ertragen]]

+ * [[übertragen]]

+ * [[Tragweite]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Getreide]]

+ * [[Zwietracht]]

+ * [[en|draw]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Sich mit dem Gedanken tragen'' is to be considering doing something, and ''schwer an etwas zu tragen haben'' is to suffer under something.^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''Zur Schau tragen'' “to display” is already in Luther's Bible as ''Schau tragen'' (Colossians 2:15).^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}