entstehen German · revision 34998

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=late 8th century, Old High German Isidor|origins=ine-pro *stā-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ʔɛntˈʃteːən/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''entstehen''' (irregular strong, third-person singular present entsteht, past tense entstand, past participle entstanden, past subjunctive entstände or entstünde, auxiliary sein)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|entstēn]], [[inh|goh|intstantan]], a prefixed verb [[af|de|ent-|stehen]].^(Wiktionary)^(DWB2|8, 1508)^(Wiktionary DE) Related formations are [[gml|entstān]], [[dum|ontstaen]], [[nl|ontstaan]] and [[got|𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽|tr=andstandan|t=to resist]].^(DWB2|8, 1508)

+

+ The Old High German verb is recorded only with the meaning “to perceive, understand”, while the meaning “to begin to exist” belongs to a new formation of Central German and Middle Low German with an inchoative force, which the written standard later adopted.^(DWB2|8, 1508) Kluge traces the prefix in most verbs to [[gem-pro|*anda-|t=against]], but its inchoative function, as in this verb and [[entbrennen]], to one of the other prefixes that merged with it.^(Kluge 2011|247) The Duden dictionary likewise says that in verbs of beginning an old [[goh|in-]] mixed with the prefix.^(Duden 7 2020|236)

+

+ The base verb goes back to [[goh|stān]] and [[m|goh|stēn]], beside [[m|goh|stantan]], and to the Indo-European root [[ine-pro|*stā-|t=to stand]], also found in [[la|stō|t=to stand]] and [[grc|ἵστημι|tr=hístēmi|t=to make stand]].^(Kluge 2011|880)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|817)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''intstantan'' appears at the end of the 8th century in the Isidor translation and later in Otfrid, meaning “to understand, perceive, recognise”.^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|310)^(DWB2|8, 1508) The meaning “to come about” is first found in the early 12th century in the Middle Franconian rhymed Bible, and Herbort, after 1190, says of the dawn ''so der morgen enstat'' “when the morning breaks”.^(DWB2|8, 1508)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle High German used the verb in several senses: “to perceive”, “to begin, arise”, “to rise again” (from death, or of the sun), and the separative “to be lacking, to fail someone”.^(DWB2|8, 1508)^(Köbler MHD) The sense “to perceive” went out of use in the middle of the 16th century, and the inchoative sense of Central and Low German became the main one in the written language.^(DWB2|8, 1508)

+

+ The sense “to be lacking, to be withheld from” lasted until the middle of the 19th century: Lessing wrote ''kann mir ihre Vergebung nicht entstehen'' “her forgiveness cannot fail me”, and Schiller ''ihre Hülfe wird uns nicht entstehn'' “their help will not fail us”.^(DWB2|8, 1508)^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999) Adelung, around 1800, still described both uses: with ''sein'' for “to begin to exist” and with ''haben'' for “to be lacking”.^(Adelung 1793) Danish [[m|da|undstå]] was borrowed from the German verb.^(DWB2|8, 1508)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Late 8th century – Old High German ''intstantan'' “to perceive” appears in the Isidor translation.^(Köbler AHD)^(DWB2|8, 1508)

+ * Early 12th century – First record of the sense “to arise, come about”, in the Middle Franconian rhymed Bible.^(DWB2|8, 1508)

+ * After 1190 – Herbort uses the verb for “to be lacking”.^(DWB2|8, 1508)

+ * Mid-16th century – The sense “to perceive” goes out of use.^(DWB2|8, 1508)

+ * 1793 – Adelung records the verb with ''sein'' “to begin” and with ''haben'' “to be lacking”.^(Adelung 1793)

+ * Mid-19th century – Last records of the sense “to be lacking”.^(DWB2|8, 1508)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To begin to exist; to come into [[m|en|being]], [[m|en|arise]], be created or produced: ''Am Stadtrand entsteht eine neue Siedlung.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|develop]] or result from something: ''Aus dem Streit entstand eine Freundschaft.''^(Wiktionary)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To arise for someone, to be [[m|en|incurred]] (of costs or disadvantages): ''Dem Mieter entstehen keine weiteren Kosten.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(obsolete)'' To be lacking, to be [[m|en|withheld]] from someone.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Entstehung]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[stehen]]

+ * [[verstehen]]

+ * [[nl|ontstaan]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The verb is conjugated with ''sein'': ''es ist entstanden''.^(Wiktionary)^(Duden GWDS 1999) The nominalised infinitive is used in the phrase ''im Entstehen begriffen sein'' “to be in the making”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(DWB2|8, 1508)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}