zudem German · revision 34996

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=16th century}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * [tsuˈdeːm]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''zudem'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a univerbation of the phrase [[zu]] [[dem]] “to that”, the preposition with the dative of the article or demonstrative.^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)^(DWB|32, 320) The Grimms' dictionary compares the parallel [[außerdem]].^(DWB|32, 320) In the 16th century the adverb was already fixed, and Frisius's dictionary used it to translate [[la|ad haec|t=besides]] and [[m|la|immo|t=rather, indeed]].^(DWB|32, 320)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In the 16th century ''zudem'' was used by Frisius, Wickram, Fischart and Ringwaldt, and a variant ''zudem dass'' “besides the fact that”, closest to the original phrase, was used only in the south-west.^(DWB|32, 320)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The Grimms' dictionary describes it as a conjunction linking clauses, followed by inversion of the verb, as in Goethe's ''zudem schienen seine ökonomischen umstände nicht die besten'' “moreover, his finances did not seem the best”.^(DWB|32, 320) It also linked single parts of a sentence, and together with ''weil'' or ''dieweil'' it took on a causal sense.^(DWB|32, 320)

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+ In the late 18th century Heynatz thought it obsolete, and Adelung left it out, naming only ''außerdem'' and ''überdies''.^(DWB|32, 320) Today it is a formal adverb meaning “moreover”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 16th century – Frisius's dictionary uses ''zudem'' for Latin ''ad haec''.^(DWB|32, 320)

+ * 1793 – Adelung's dictionary has no entry for it.^(DWB|32, 320)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # ''(formal)'' [[m|en|moreover]], [[m|en|furthermore]], besides: ''Die Wohnung war teuer und zudem sehr laut.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[außerdem]]

+ * [[überdies]]

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}