Art German · revision 34992

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1120, Middle High German Genesis}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /aːrt/, [ʔaːʁt], [ʔaːɐ̯t]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Art''' ''f'' (genitive Art, plural Arten)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|art|t=descent; innate nature; manner]], first recorded in the 12th century, beside [[gml|art]].^(Kluge 2011|62)^(Duden 7 2014)^(Wiktionary) Kluge notes that the word may be inherited, but that it is striking that it is not attested earlier and spreads only later.^(Kluge 2011|62) Its further origin is uncertain.^(Duden 7 2014)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ If the word is old, Kluge compares [[ang|eard]], [[dum|aert|t=situation, kind]] and the adjective [[non|einarðr|t=simple, sincere]], and outside Germanic a root noun meaning “fitting”, from the root [[ine-pro|*arə-|t=to join, fit]] seen in [[Arm]]: [[grc|ἄρτι|tr=árti|t=just now]], [[m|grc|ἄρτιος|tr=ártios|t=suitable, ready]] and [[lt|artus|alt=artùs|t=near]].^(Kluge 2011|62)^(DWB2|3, 299) On this view it would also be related to [[la|ars|t=skill, art]].^(Duden 7 2014)^(Paul 2002)^(DWB2|3, 299)

+

+ Others identify it with the Middle High German noun of the same spelling meaning “ploughing, tilled land”, [[goh|art|t=ploughing]], from the root [[ine-pro|*ar(ə)-|t=to plough]] of [[m|la|arō|t=to plough]] and [[got|𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽|tr=arjan|t=to plough]], through the senses “tilled land, home, origin”.^(Duden 7 2014)^(Paul 2002)^(EWA|1, 347) Kluge does not rule this out, pointing to [[m|goh|artōn|t=to dwell; to till]],^(Kluge 2011|62) and Paul notes that Pfeifer favours it,^(Paul 2002) while the Grimms' dictionary and its revision keep the two apart.^(DWB|1, 573)^(DWB2|3, 299) The Early New High German dictionary leaves the question open.^(FWB)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first record is in the Middle High German Genesis of about 1120–1130, where Esau and Jacob, as they grow up, ''ungelich art si gewnnen'' “took on unlike natures”.^(DWB2|3, 299) Around 1200 Wolfram's ''Parzival'' uses the word for the innate disposition that drives the boy to the birds' song.^(DWB2|3, 299) Middle High German ''art'' meant “descent, origin”, “innate quality, nature” and “kind, character”.^(Lexer 1872|1, 98)^(Köbler MHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Paul notes that the main senses, a group sharing descent and an innate nature or manner, were already formed around 1200, so that their development is hard to trace.^(Paul 2002) The word first named groups of people, animals and plants related by descent, and then also kinds of things, states and activities; in logic and biology it became the rank below ''Gattung'', rendering Latin [[m|la|speciēs]].^(Paul 2002) The sense “(noble) descent, family” faded out in the 17th century.^(DWB2|3, 299)

+

+ Schottelius in 1663 lists compounds such as ''Lebensart'', ''Mundart'', ''Redensart'' and ''Wortart''.^(Paul 2002) Already in Early New High German the word could mean “proper conduct, good manners”, as in Goethe's ''sie hat gar keine Art noch Geschick'' “she has no manner or skill at all”.^(Paul 2002) The proverb ''Art lässt nicht von Art'' “like breeds like” is recorded from 1522.^(DWB2|3, 299)^(Duden GWDS 1999) Danish and Swedish [[m|sv|art]] were borrowed from German.^(DWB|1, 568)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1120–1130 – First record, in the Middle High German Genesis.^(DWB2|3, 299)

+ * c. 1200 – The senses “group by descent” and “innate nature, manner” are established.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1522 – The proverb ''artt leßtt von artt nitt'' is recorded.^(DWB2|3, 299)

+ * 1531 – ''Aus der Art schlagen'' “to be unlike one's family” is recorded.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1663 – Schottelius lists ''Lebensart'', ''Mundart'', ''Redensart'' and ''Wortart''.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 17th century – The sense “(noble) descent” goes out of use.^(DWB2|3, 299)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # Innate [[m|en|nature]], [[m|en|character]], disposition: ''Sie ist von ruhiger Art.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|manner]], way of behaving or doing something: ''auf diese Art''; often in ''Art und Weise''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(colloquial)'' Good manners, proper behaviour: ''Das ist doch keine Art!''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A [[m|en|kind]], sort, type: ''Bäume aller Art'';^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary) ''eine Art (von)'' “a kind of, something like”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(biology)'' A [[m|en|species]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(grammar)'' [[m|en|mood]] of a verb.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[artig]]

+ * [[Abart]]

+ * [[abartig]]

+ * [[ausarten]]

+ * [[entarten]]

+ * [[derart]]

+ * [[Mundart]]

+ * [[Tonart]]

+ * [[Lebensart]]

+ * [[Lesart]]

+ * [[Redensart]]

+ * [[Wortart]]

+ * [[Unterart]]

+ * [[Artgenosse]]

+ * [[Artenvielfalt]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Arm]]

+ * [[nl|aard]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Aus der Art schlagen'' “to turn out unlike one's family” keeps the old sense “descent”;^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch)^(Paul 2002) Wahrig traces it to the late Middle Ages, Paul to 1531.^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch)^(Paul 2002) ''Nach Art des Hauses'' is said of a dish made in the house style.^(Duden GWDS 1999) A different ''Art'' “ploughing, tilled land”, Old High German ''art'' from the root of Latin ''arāre'', survives only in dialects and in old compounds such as ''Artacker'' and the place name ''Artland''.^(Kluge 2011|62)^(Paul 2002)^(EWA|1, 347) ''Art'' in names of art movements such as ''Pop Art'' is the English word [[m|en|art]], taken over as part of such (American) English terms in the 20th century.^(Kluge 2011|63)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}