glauben German · revision 34980

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=765, Old High German glosses|origins=gem-pro *galaubijaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈɡlaʊ̯bən/, [ˈɡlaʊ̯.bm̩], [-bən]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''glauben''' (third-person singular present glaubt, past tense glaubte, past participle geglaubt, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|gelouben]], [[inh|goh|gilouben]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*galaubijan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*galaubijaną|t=to believe]].^(Kluge 2011|362)^(Wiktionary)^(Pfeifer 1993) The same verb is [[got|𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽|tr=galaubjan]], [[osx|gilōƀian]], [[ang|gelīefan]] and [[nl|geloven]], and with another prefix [[en|believe]].^(Kluge 2011|362)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014|343) The modern form with ⟨au⟩ is Upper German; it was supported by the noun [[Glaube]] against the Central German variant with umlaut, which Luther used.^(Wiktionary)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ Its origin is explained in two ways.^(Kluge 2011|362)^(Pfeifer 1993) Pfeifer, Duden and Paul take it as a prefixed verb in ablaut with [[lieb]] and [[Lob]], meaning “to hold dear, approve”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014|343)^(Paul 2002) Kluge starts from the Old High German verb used reflexively with the genitive, “to give up, renounce”, and connects it with the root of [[erlauben]], [[ine-pro|*lēu-|t=to let go]]; he compares the old phrase for believing in Sanskrit and in [[la|crēdō]], “to set one's heart on”, since “to allow” is close to “to rely on”.^(Kluge 2011|362) Wahrig and Köbler also mention, with doubt, a link with [[Laub]] as fodder used to make animals tame.^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch)^(Köbler AHD)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''gilouben'' is recorded in glosses of 765 and in many early texts, among them the Benedictine Rule, Isidor, Tatian, Otfrid and Notker, meaning “to believe, trust, agree”.^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|207) Reflexive with the genitive it meant “to give up, abandon, renounce”.^(Schützeichel 2012|207)^(Kluge 2011|362)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Pfeifer and Duden hold that the verb already named the trusting bond between people and a god before Christianity, which is why Gothic, Old English and Old High German missionaries could use it for [[grc|πιστεύω|tr=pisteúō]] and [[la|crēdō|alt=crēdere]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014|343)^(DWB|7, 7819) From trusting a person's words it came to mean “to hold true”, and then, already in Old High German, “to suppose, think”.^(Pfeifer 1993) Luther introduced ''glauben an'' for Latin ''credere in'', as in ''gleubt an das Evangelium'' (Mark 1:15).^(Paul 2002)

+

+ The legal sense of trusting someone with money gave ''Gläubiger'' “creditor” in the 14th century, a translation of Latin ''creditor''.^(Pfeifer 1993) Adelung records the colloquial ''er muss daran glauben'' for someone who cannot escape something unpleasant.^(Adelung 1793)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 765 – Old High German ''gilouben'' appears in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * c. 800 – The adjective ''giloublīh'' “credible” is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 14th century – ''Gläubiger'' “creditor” is formed after Latin ''creditor''.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 15th century – ''glaubwürdig'' “credible” appears, first in law.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 16th century – Luther translates Mark 1:15 with ''glauben an''.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 17th century – ''beglaubigen'' “to certify” appears.^(Duden 7 2014|343)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To think, [[m|en|suppose]]: to hold something possible or likely.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To wrongly believe someone or oneself to be somewhere or something.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To [[m|en|believe]]: to hold true, to trust a statement or a person.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # With ''an'': to trust in, to have [[m|en|confidence]] in someone or something; to believe something exists.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To have religious [[m|en|faith]], to be a believer.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[gläubig]]

+ * [[glaublich]]

+ * [[Glaube]]

+ * [[glaubhaft]]

+ * [[glaubwürdig]]

+ * [[Gläubiger]]

+ * [[beglaubigen]]

+ * [[Aberglaube]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[erlauben]]

+ * [[lieb]]

+ * [[Lob]]

+ * [[geloben]]

+ * [[en|believe]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Daran glauben müssen'' (colloquial) means to be unable to escape something, and also to die.^(Adelung 1793)^(Wiktionary) ''Wer's glaubt, wird selig'' (“whoever believes it will be saved”) is a joking expression of disbelief, after Mark 16:16.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}