entscheiden German · revision 34977

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 1220, Wolfram's Titurel|origins=gem-pro *skaidaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ʔɛntˈʃaɪ̯dn̩/, /ʔɛntˈʃaɪ̯dən/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''entscheiden''' (class 1 strong, third-person singular present entscheidet, past tense entschied, past participle entschieden, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+ The old past participle ''entscheiden'' prevailed until the late 16th century and was replaced by ''entschieden'' from the 17th; it is last recorded in the mid-18th century.^(DWB2|8, 1472)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|entscheiden]], formed [[af|de|ent-|scheiden]].^(Kluge 2011|249)^(Wiktionary)^(DWB2|8, 1472) The same formation is [[gml|entschēiden]] and [[dum|ontsceiden]].^(DWB2|8, 1472)

+

+ The base [[m|gmh|scheiden]] continues [[goh|skeidan|t=to separate, divide, distinguish]], [[gem-pro|*skaidaną|t=to separate]], also found in [[osx|skēdan]], [[ofs|skētha]], [[ang|scēadan]] (now [[en|shed]]) and the reduplicating [[got|𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽|tr=skaidan]].^(Kluge 2011|798)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(AWB|8, 916) Pfeifer derives it, with [[Scheit]] and [[Scheitel]], from [[ine-pro|*skē̌it-|t=to cut, separate]], a dental extension of [[m|ine-pro|*skē̌i-]], and compares [[la|scūtum|t=shield]] and [[cu|щитъ|tr=štitŭ|t=shield]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Köbler AHD) Kluge describes the sound history of the family as uneven and starts from a root [[m|ine-pro|*skēi-]], to which Germanic formed a zero-grade present with a /t/ extension and grammatical change.^(Kluge 2011|798)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Kluge dates the verb to the 14th century, but the revised Grimm dictionary quotes it from Wolfram's ''Titurel'' (about 1220) in the sense “to separate, set apart”.^(Kluge 2011|249)^(DWB2|8, 1472)^(Köbler MHD) Kluge holds that it first referred to a judge's decision, that is, separating statements or opinions from one another to reach the right view.^(Kluge 2011|249) Middle High German also used it for “to distinguish” and “to settle by judgment”.^(Köbler MHD)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The revised Grimm dictionary explains the development from “to separate” to “to settle for good”: in a doubtful or disputed case the matter is cleared up by separating the possible positions completely.^(DWB2|8, 1472) Already in Middle High German it was a legal term for giving an arbitrator's ruling, which led to the general sense “to determine, decide” that has been usual ever since.^(Paul 2002) Kluge notes that in New High German the sense was weakened and generalised.^(Kluge 2011|249)

+

+ The concrete senses “to separate” and “to distinguish” lasted into the 18th century;^(Paul 2002)^(DWB|3, 596) Paul quotes Hafner (1774), who will surely know a dog from a cat (''einen Hund von der Katze zu entscheiden'').^(Paul 2002)^(DWB|3, 596) Adelung, around 1800, marked them as Upper German.^(Adelung 1793|1, 1832) The reflexive ''sich entscheiden'' “to make up one's mind” was in use by Lessing's time.^(Adelung 1793|1, 1832) The participle ''entschieden'' became an adjective “resolute, decided” in the 18th century, with ''Entschiedenheit'' around 1800 in Goethe.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) A separate verb ''entscheiden'' “to draw from the sheath”, formed from [[Scheide]], was rare;^(DWB|3, 597)^(Paul 2002) Goethe used it of a flower bud.^(DWB|3, 597)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1220 – Wolfram's ''Titurel'' uses the verb for “to separate”.^(DWB2|8, 1472)

+ * 14th century – Kluge's date; the participle ''entschieden'' first appears.^(Kluge 2011|249)^(DWB2|8, 1472)

+ * 14th century – ''Entscheidung'' is recorded.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 15th century – ''Entscheid'' “decision, ruling” appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 17th century – ''entschieden'' replaces the old participle ''entscheiden''.^(DWB2|8, 1472)

+ * 1774 – Hafner still uses the verb for “to tell apart”.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 18th century – ''entschieden'' “resolute” is used as an adjective.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|settle]] a doubtful or disputed case and pass judgment on it: ''Das Schiedsgericht entscheidet den Fall.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|decide]] how something is to be done, by ordering it: ''über etwas entscheiden''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # To be decisive for something, to settle its outcome; in sport, ''ein Spiel für sich entscheiden'' is to win it.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' To make up one's mind, to [[m|en|opt]] for someone or something: ''sich für ein Angebot entscheiden''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' To turn out, to become clear: ''Erst am Sonntag entscheidet sich, wer gewinnt.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Entscheidung]]

+ * [[Entscheid]]

+ * [[entschieden]]

+ * [[entscheidend]]

+ * [[Entschiedenheit]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[abscheiden]]

+ * [[ausscheiden]]

+ * [[verscheiden]]

+ * [[scheiden]]

+ * [[unterscheiden]]

+ * [[Schiedsrichter]]

+ * [[gescheit]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}