scheinen German · revision 34974

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=gem-pro *skīnaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Germany: /ˈʃaɪnən/^(Wiktionary)

+ * /ˈʃaɪnɛn/^(Wiktionary)

+ * Austria, Southern-Germany, Switzerland: [ˈʃaɛ̯-]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''scheinen''' (class 1 strong, third-person singular present scheint, past tense schien, past participle geschienen or (obsolete or dialectal) gescheint, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+ The regular past singular ''schein'' was still widespread in the 16th century, beside ''schien''.^(DWB|14, 2441)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|schīnen]], [[inh|goh|skīnan]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*skīnan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*skīnaną|t=to shine]].^(Kluge 2011|799)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The same verb is [[got|𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽|tr=skeinan]], [[non|skína]], [[ang|scīnan]], [[ofs|skīna]] and [[osx|skīnan]], and it survives as [[en|shine]].^(Kluge 2011|799)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Pfeifer 1993) The /n/ of the present spread through the whole verb;^(DWB|14, 2441)^(Kroonen 2013) Kroonen derives the strong verb from an older nasal present.^(DWB|14, 2441)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ Outside Germanic, Kluge compares [[cu|сиꙗти|tr=sijati|t=to shine]] and, more doubtfully, [[la|scintilla|t=spark]].^(Kluge 2011|799) Pfeifer and the Duden place it under a root [[ine-pro|*sk̑āi-|t=to shimmer dully; shadow]], with [[grc|σκιά|tr=skiá|t=shadow]], [[sa|छाया|tr=chāyā́|t=shadow, reflection]] and [[m|cu|сѣнь|tr=sěnĭ|t=shadow]], and Kroonen also starts from a shadow word of this root.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014|731)^(Kroonen 2013) The same root is behind [[Schemen]], [[schimmern]] and [[Schimmel]].^(Duden 7 2014|731)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''skīnan'' is recorded from the 8th century, in glosses and in the Tatian, Otfrid and Notker, meaning “to shine, gleam, sparkle” and also “to appear, become visible, be manifest”.^(Kluge 2011|799)^(Köbler AHD) It referred above all to the shining of the heavenly bodies, as in Notker's sentence that the sun shines first on the mountains (''an die berga scînet diu sunna ze êrist'').^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Already in Old High German the verb also meant “to come into view, become visible”, a sense for which modern German uses only [[erscheinen]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014|731) From the phrase ''mir scheint'' (Middle High German ''eʒ schînet mir'' “it seems to me”) and out of comparisons meaning “to look like something without being it” came the modern sense “to give the impression, to seem”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) In the 18th century constructions with clauses grew up (''es scheint, dass…'', ''es scheint mir, als…''), and ''scheinen'' was often set against ''sein'', as in Lessing's ''Die Menschen sind nicht immer, was sie scheinen''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ Adelung, around 1800, noted that the verb was no longer used of fire, lightning, stars or a lamp, as in older German, though the noun ''Schein'' still was.^(Adelung 1793) The words [[wahrscheinlich]], [[anscheinend]], [[scheinbar]] and [[scheinheilig]] continue the sense of a mere appearance.^(Kluge 2011|799)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German ''skīnan'' appears in glosses.^(Kluge 2011|799)^(Köbler AHD)

+ * Around 1000 – Notker writes of the sun shining on the mountains.^(Paul 2002)

+ * Middle High German – ''eʒ schînet mir'' “it seems to me” is in use.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 16th century – The old past ''schein'' is still widespread beside ''schien''.^(DWB|14, 2441)

+ * 17th century – ''wahrscheinlich'' is formed after Dutch ''waarschijnlijk''.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 18th century – Constructions such as ''es scheint, dass'' develop.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # Of a light, to [[m|en|shine]], to send out light that falls somewhere.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of a heavenly body, to be visible in the sky and give light: ''Heute scheint die Sonne.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # Of light, to fall on something.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(rare)'' To [[m|en|gleam]], glint.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To [[m|en|seem]], to give a particular impression, often with an infinitive with ''zu'' or impersonally with a clause: ''Er scheint müde zu sein.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[scheinbar]]

+ * [[erscheinen]]

+ * [[Schein]]

+ * [[anscheinend]]

+ * [[scheinheilig]]

+ * [[Erscheinung]]

+ * [[bescheinigen]]

+ * [[Scheinwerfer]]

+ * [[unscheinbar]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[fadenscheinig]]

+ * [[wahrscheinlich]]

+ * [[Schemen]]

+ * [[schimmern]]

+ * [[Schimmel]]

+ * [[schier]]

+ * [[en|shine]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Scheint's'' (regional, especially southern Germany and Switzerland) means “apparently”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}