Zukunft German · revision 34971

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=9th century|origins=ine-pro *gʷem-}}

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+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈtsuːˌkʊnft/, /ˈtsuːˌkʊmft/^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Forms==

+ '''Zukunft''' ''f'' (genitive Zukunft, plural Zukünfte)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|zuokunft]], [[inh|goh|zuokumft|t=approach, arrival]], an abstract noun formed from [[kommen]] with [[zu]], so that in the old language it normally meant “coming towards”.^(Kluge 2011|1017)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden GWDS 1999) The same formation is [[gml|tôkumpst]] and [[dum|toecomste]].^(Kluge 2011|1017)^(DWB|32, 476) Old English used instead [[m|ang|tōcyme]].^(DWB|32, 476)

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+ The second part, [[m|goh|kumft]], is the abstract noun of [[goh|queman|t=to come]], [[gem-pro|*kwemaną]], made with a /ti/ suffix; in High German an /f/ was inserted between the old /m/ and the suffix, and the /m/ later became /n/.^(Kluge 2011|549)^(Pfeifer 1993) Without this insertion the suffix is seen in [[got|𐌲𐌰𐌵𐌿𐌼𐌸𐍃|tr=gaqumþs|t=assembly]].^(Kluge 2011|549)^(Pfeifer 1993) The verb goes back to [[ine-pro|*gʷem-|t=to go, come]], as in [[la|veniō|t=I come]] and [[grc|βαίνω|tr=baínō|t=I go]].^(Kluge 2011|516)^(Pfeifer 1993)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''zuokumft'' is recorded once, in the glosses, meaning “approach, arrival”.^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|411) Kluge dates it to the 9th century, while Pfeifer and the previous edition of Kluge give the 10th.^(Kluge 2011|1017)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2002) In Middle High German ''zuokumft'' meant “coming, arrival”, also “attack, pursuit”, and only rarely “the future”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)

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+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The spatial sense “approach, arrival” prevailed in Middle High German and lasted into the 16th and early 17th centuries.^(DWB|32, 476)^(Paul 2002) It survived longer in the Church's phrase for the coming of Christ, Latin ''adventus'', used up to Herder, and Adelung, around 1800, still knew it only there.^(Paul 2002)^(Adelung 1793) Goethe once used ''Zukunft'' for “arrival” in a passage where his first printing had ''Ankunft''.^(DWB|32, 476) As the noun took on the temporal sense, ''Ankunft'' took its place for “arrival”.^(DWB|32, 476)

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+ The modern sense appeared first in the adjective [[zukünftig]] in Middle High German, and in the noun only now and then in late Middle High German.^(Kluge 2011|1017) It was still rare in Early New High German (Luther does not have it) and became dominant only in the second half of the 18th century, as in Schiller's lines on the threefold step of time, where the future comes hesitantly (''Zögernd kommt die Zukunft hergezogen'').^(Paul 2002) As a grammatical term for the future tense it is recorded from Karl Philipp Moritz in 1782.^(Paul 2002)^(Pfeifer 1993)

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+ [[Zukunftsmusik]] goes back to Richard Wagner's ''Das Kunstwerk der Zukunft'' (1850); it was used mockingly by his critics from the 1850s and soon came to mean something hoped for but scarcely realisable.^(Paul 2002)

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+ ==Timeline==

+ * 9th century – Old High German ''zuokumft'' “arrival” appears in a gloss.^(Kluge 2011|1017)^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 1309 – ''zukünftig'' is recorded in the temporal sense.^(Paul 2002)

+ * Early 17th century – The spatial sense “arrival” goes out of general use.^(DWB|32, 476)

+ * Second half of the 18th century – The temporal sense “future” becomes dominant.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1782 – Karl Philipp Moritz uses ''Zukunft'' for the future tense.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1850 – Wagner publishes ''Das Kunstwerk der Zukunft'';^(Paul 2002) ''Zukunftsmusik'' follows in the 1850s.^(Paul 2002)

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+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The [[m|en|future]], the time still to come and what it will bring.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A person's future life and prospects: ''Sie planen ihre gemeinsame Zukunft.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(grammar)'' The future [[m|en|tense]].^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)

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+ ==Word family==

+ * [[zukünftig]]

+ * [[Zukunftsmusik]]

+ * [[zukunftsträchtig]]

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[kommen]]

+ * [[künftig]]

+ * [[Ankunft]]

+ * [[Herkunft]]

+ * [[zukommen]]

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+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''In Zukunft'' means “from now on”;^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''Zukunft haben'' is to have good prospects, and ''einer Sache gehört die Zukunft'' means that it will become important.^(Duden GWDS 1999) The plural ''Zukünfte'' is rare, used of alternative possible futures.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}