verlieren German · revision 34966

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=ine-pro *leu-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /fɛrˈliːrən/, [fɛɐ̯ˈliː.ʁən]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''verlieren''' (class 2 strong, third-person singular present verliert, past tense verlor, past participle verloren, past subjunctive verlöre, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+ Middle High German had ''verliesen'' with /s/ in the present and the past singular and /r/ in the past plural ''verlurn'' and the participle ''verlorn'' (grammatical change); in Early New High German the r spread to all forms.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) The older s survives in [[Verlies]] and [[Verlust]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|verliesen]], [[inh|goh|firliosan]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*fraleusan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*fraleusaną|t=to lose]], formed with the prefix [[m|gem-pro|*fra-]] on a strong verb [[gem-pro|*leusaną]] that is not recorded early on its own.^(Kluge 2011|954)^(Wiktionary) The same verb is [[got|𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽|tr=fraliusan]], [[osx|farliosan]], [[ofs|forliāsa]] and [[ang|forlēosan]], whose participle gave [[en|forlorn]].^(Kluge 2011|954)^(Pfeifer 1993) The simple verb survives in Old English as [[m|ang|lēosan]] and in [[en|lose]], according to the Grimms' dictionary.^(DWB|25, 794)

+

+ It is an s-extension, found only in Germanic, of [[ine-pro|*leu-|t=to loosen, cut off, separate]], also found in [[grc|λύω|tr=lúō|t=I loosen, set free]], [[la|luō|t=to pay, atone]] and [[m|la|solvō|t=to loosen, dissolve]].^(Kluge 2011|954)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch) The adjective [[los]] and the nouns [[Verlies]] and [[Verlust]] belong to the same root.^(Kluge 2011|954)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''firliosan'' is recorded from the glosses of 765 and in the Benediktinerregel, Tatian, Otfrid and Notker.^(Köbler AHD) The EWA gives its senses as “to lose, let fall, let go”, but also “to destroy, ruin, kill” and “to perish”; the participle ''firloran'' meant “lost, gone astray, damned”, as in ''firloran skaf'' “the lost sheep”.^(EWA|5, 1354)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The Middle High German verb still meant “to destroy, bring to ruin” beside “to lose, gamble away, give up”.^(Köbler MHD)^(EWA|5, 1354) Paul separates a narrow sense, letting fall unnoticed something one carries (a hat, a purse), from the wide sense opposed to [[gewinnen]] and [[behalten]], which can apply to almost anything one has: wealth, life, honour, patience or a friend.^(Paul 2002) From the narrow sense come ''aus den Augen verlieren'', ''die Spur verlieren'' and ''den Kopf verlieren''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ The reflexive ''sich verlieren'' “to disappear, fade away” is common in 18th-century literature: a path loses itself in the thicket, and in Goethe one loses oneself in dreams.^(Paul 2002) Adelung records ''den Kopf verlieren'' in the sense “to be beheaded”.^(Adelung 1793) The agent noun [[Verlierer]] dates from the 17th century.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 765 – Old High German ''firliosan'' in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 8th century – Kluge's date for the first record.^(Kluge 2011|954)

+ * 1077–1081 – Middle High German ''verliesen'' in the Annolied.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 16th century – ''verlieren'' with r in all forms replaces ''verliesen''.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020)

+ * 17th century – The noun ''Verlierer'' is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|lose]] something one had or carried and not find it again: ''sie hat ihre Schlüssel verloren''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To lose someone through separation or death: ''er hat früh seinen Vater verloren''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To lose a part of the body, men, time and the like; to [[m|en|shed]] (leaves, hair): ''die Birke verliert ihre Blätter''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|leak]], let something escape: ''das Auto verliert Öl''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To be defeated in, not win (a game, a battle, a lawsuit): ''das Spiel verlieren''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' To get lost, lose one's way; to lose oneself in something: ''sich in Gedanken verlieren''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' To [[m|en|fade]] away, gradually disappear: ''der Weg verlor sich im Wald''.^(Wiktionary)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Verlierer]]

+ * [[Verlies]]

+ * [[Verlust]]

+ * [[verloren]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[los]]

+ * [[lösen]]

+ * [[en|forlorn]]

+ * [[en|lose]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Irgendwo nichts verloren haben'' (colloquial) means “to have no business being somewhere”.^(Duden GWDS 1999) The participle [[verloren]] is used as an adjective, “lost, forlorn”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}