fordern German · revision 34941

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 765, Old High German glosses|origins=ine-pro *per-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈfɔʁdəʁn/, [ˈfɔɐ̯dɐn]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''fordern''' (third-person singular present fordert, past tense forderte, past participle gefordert, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+ Through dissimilation the first ''r'' was lost in some regions, and the form ''fodern'' was common in East Central German and, helped by the rhyme with ''lodern'', in poetry until the 19th century.^(Kluge 2011|310)^(Paul 2002)^(DWB2|9, 748) Luther wrote ''foddern''.^(Paul 2002)^(DWB|3, 1890)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|vordern]], [[inh|goh|fordarōn]], beside [[gml|vorderen]].^(Kluge 2011|310)^(Pfeifer 1993) The verb is limited to German: [[sv|fordra]] and [[nl|vorderen]] were taken from it.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|3, 1890)^(Duden 7 2020) It was formed from the Old High German adverb [[m|goh|fordar|t=further, forward]], the base of [[vorder]], just as [[ändern]] was formed from [[ander]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) The same adverb is [[ang|furþor]].^(Paul 2002) The verb first meant “to demand that someone or something come forward”, as when a man is called out to fight, and Kluge compares the formation of [[äußern]] and [[erinnern]].^(Kluge 2011|310)^(Duden 7 2020)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch) The adverb goes back to the root [[ine-pro|*per-|t=forward, through]].^(Köbler AHD)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''fordarōn'' is first recorded in glosses of about 765, and then in Otfrid, Notker and Williram, meaning “to demand, desire, strive for”, but also “to investigate” and “to promote”.^(Köbler AHD)^(Pfeifer 1993) An 8th-century gloss has the participle ''kifortharod''.^(DWB2|9, 748)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From the 13th century the verb was a common word of the law, used for claiming dues and services and for summoning someone before a court.^(Duden 7 2020)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch)^(Pfeifer 1993) From the summons came the challenge to a duel, ''jemanden vor die Klinge fordern'', which Adelung records around 1800.^(Adelung 1793)^(Paul 2002) ''Herausfordern'' (17th century) first meant calling an opponent out of his house to fight.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020)

+

+ Because of its similar form, the verb was long confused with [[fördern]] “to promote”: this sense is rare in Old and Middle High German, frequent in Early New High German, and last recorded in dictionaries.^(DWB2|9, 748) The figurative sense “to demand an effort from” is old, as in Kaspar Stieler's ''Wem viel befohlen ist / von dem wird viel gefodert''.^(Paul 2002) Until Adelung the person asked could be construed with ''an'' as well as ''von''.^(Paul 2002) The abstract noun [[Forderung]], Old High German ''fordarunga'' (9th century), first meant “privilege, promotion” and in Middle High German “demand, legal claim”.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 765 – Old High German ''fordarōn'' appears in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 9th century – ''fordarunga'' is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1060–1065 – Middle High German ''vordern'' is used by Williram.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 13th century – The verb becomes a legal term for claiming dues.^(Duden 7 2020)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch)

+ * 1545 – Luther's Bible has the form ''foddern''.^(DWB|3, 1890)

+ * 17th century – ''herausfordern'' and ''Herausforderung'' appear.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 18th century – ''überfordern'' “to overtax” appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|demand]], to claim something insistently: ''eine Entschuldigung fordern''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(of a disaster)'' To claim victims: ''der Sturm forderte zwei Todesopfer''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To [[m|en|challenge]] someone to a duel or contest, or to summon before a court: ''jemanden zum Duell fordern''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To make demands on someone's abilities, to [[m|en|tax]]: ''die neue Aufgabe fordert sie sehr''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Forderung]]

+ * [[Forderer]]

+ * [[anfordern]]

+ * [[auffordern]]

+ * [[Aufforderung]]

+ * [[erfordern]]

+ * [[herausfordern]]

+ * [[Herausforderung]]

+ * [[überfordern]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[vorder]]

+ * [[fördern]]

+ * [[fürder]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}