Geld German · revision 34940

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=gem-pro *geldą}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɡɛlt/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Geld''' ''n'' (genitive Geldes or Gelds, plural Gelder)^(Wiktionary)

+ The modern ''d'' comes from the inflected forms such as Middle High German ''geldes'', while the uninflected ''gelt'' remained in use until the 17th century and in Upper German into the 18th.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|5, 2889) It is still kept in [[Entgelt]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) The plural ''Gelder'' appears in the 17th century.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|gelt]], [[inh|goh|gelt|t=payment, reward]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*geld]], [[inh|gem-pro|*geldą|t=payment, reward]].^(Kluge 2011|343)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The same word is [[got|𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌳|tr=gild|t=tax, tribute]], [[non|gjald|t=payment, tribute]], [[ang|gield|t=sacrifice, payment, tribute]], [[ofs|jeld|t=purchase price]] and [[osx|geld|t=reward, sacrifice]], and today [[nl|geld]] and [[sv|gäld|t=debt]].^(Kluge 2011|343)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Orel 2003)^(Wiktionary) It is a noun formed to the verb [[gelten]], originally “to pay, compensate”.^(Kluge 2011|343)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020)^(Paul 2002) Wiktionary traces the Germanic verb to [[ine-pro|*gʰeldʰ-|t=to pay]], a root which Köbler marks as doubtful and which is found only in Germanic and Slavic.^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler AHD) English [[m|en|yield]] belongs to the same verb.^(Wiktionary)^(DWB|5, 2889)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''gelt'' is first recorded in glosses at the end of the 8th century, and then in the Frankish baptismal vow, Otfrid and Notker, meaning “tax, interest, fine, payment, reward, offering”.^(Köbler AHD)^(EWA|4, 152)^(Schützeichel 2012|125) Old Saxon ''geld'' could mean “sacrifice”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The word first belonged to cult and law: it was what one gave as an offering, a penance or a tribute, as [[Gilde]] also shows.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020)^(Paul 2002) It then meant “payment, due”, a sense kept in compounds such as [[Lehrgeld]], [[Schulgeld]], ''Brückengeld'' and [[Fersengeld]], which speakers no longer analyse so.^(Paul 2002)^(Pfeifer 1993) Middle High German ''gelt'' meant “payment, compensation, income, debt, price” and also “means of payment”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020) The restriction to coined money began in the 14th century and prevailed in the 16th.^(Kluge 2011|343)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ Paper money followed coins, and ''Papiergeld'' (early 18th century) was formed after English ''paper money'' and French ''papier-monnaie''.^(Pfeifer 1993) Money gave rise to many colloquial names, such as [[Kies]], [[Kohle]], [[Moos]], [[Moneten]], [[Pinke]] and [[Zaster]], and to proverbs such as ''Geld regiert die Welt'' and ''Zeit ist Geld''.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020)^(Paul 2002) Wahrig explains ''Geld aus etwas herausschlagen'' “to make money out of something” from minting by hand, when many coins were struck from one piece of metal.^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch) English borrowed ''gelt'' “payment” in 1529.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * End of the 8th century – Old High German ''gelt'' appears in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 14th century – The sense “coined money” appears.^(Kluge 2011|343)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 15th century – ''Geldstrafe'' “fine” is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1529 – English ''gelt'' is recorded.^(LWP)

+ * 16th century – The sense “money” prevails.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 17th century – The plural ''Gelder'' appears, and the spelling with ''t'' gives way.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * Early 18th century – ''Papiergeld'' is formed.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|money]], coins and banknotes issued as a means of payment: ''sein Geld sparen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(usually plural)'' A large sum intended for a purpose, [[m|en|funds]]: ''öffentliche Gelder''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(stock exchange)'' Short for ''Geldkurs'', the [[m|en|bid]] price.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[geldlich]]

+ * [[Geldbeutel]]

+ * [[Geldbörse]]

+ * [[geldgierig]]

+ * [[Geldsack]]

+ * [[Geldschrank]]

+ * [[Geldstrafe]]

+ * [[Geldsumme]]

+ * [[Papiergeld]]

+ * [[Trinkgeld]]

+ * [[Lehrgeld]]

+ * [[Schulgeld]]

+ * [[Fersengeld]]

+ * [[Wergeld]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[gelten]]

+ * [[Entgelt]]

+ * [[vergelten]]

+ * [[Gilde]]

+ * [[en|yield]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}