ziehen German · revision 34937

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 765, Old High German glosses|origins=ine-pro *dewk-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈt͡siːən/, /t͡siːn/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''ziehen''' (class 2 strong, third-person singular present zieht, past tense zog, past participle gezogen, past subjunctive zöge, auxiliary haben or sein)^(Wiktionary)

+ The older present forms ''du zeuchst'', ''er zeucht'' and the imperative ''zeuch'' survived in poetry, as in Schiller's ''Zeuch dein Schwert''.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999) In Early New High German the past tense varied between ''zoch'' and ''zog'', the latter levelled from the plural;^(DWB|31, 938) Luther still has both, and ''zohe'' is still found in the 1590s.^(DWB|31, 938)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|ziehen]], [[inh|goh|ziohan]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*teuhan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*teuhaną|t=to pull, lead]].^(Kluge 2011|1009)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same verb is [[got|𐍄𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽|tr=tiuhan|t=to lead]], [[ang|tēon]], [[ofs|tiā]], [[osx|tiohan]] and [[odt|tian]], while Old Norse keeps only the past participle [[m|non|toginn|t=drawn]].^(Kluge 2011|1009)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Pfeifer 1993) It continues [[ine-pro|*dewk-|t=to pull, lead]], a root of the European languages, also found in [[la|dūcō|t=to lead, draw]], [[cy|dwyn|t=to bring, lead]] and [[grc|δαδύσσομαι|tr=dadússomai|t=I will be torn]].^(Kluge 2011|1009)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) Kroonen notes that the Latin verb is formally identical with the Germanic one, and adds [[sq|nduk|t=to pull out]].^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ The alternation of /h/ and /g/ in ⟨ziehen⟩ beside ⟨zog⟩ and ⟨gezogen⟩ is the old grammatical change.^(Paul 2002) From the same verb come [[Zug]], [[Zucht]], [[Zügel]], [[zögern]], [[Zögling]] and [[zucken]], and [[Zaum]], [[Zeug]] and [[Zeuge]] belong to the same root; [[Herzog]] originally meant “army leader”.^(Kluge 2011|1009)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''ziohan'' is first recorded in glosses of about 765, and then in the Benedictine Rule, the Tatian, Otfrid, Notker and Williram, meaning “to pull, lead, bring”, “to withdraw”, “to bring up, educate” and “to cultivate, nourish”.^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|408)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The verb was originally transitive, as in drawing a cart, a sword or a lot;^(Paul 2002)^(Lexer 1872|3, 1103)^(Duden GWDS 1999) Middle High German also used it intransitively for moving and travelling, for which modern German takes the auxiliary ''sein''.^(Paul 2002)^(Lexer 1872|3, 1103)^(Duden GWDS 1999) The sense “to bring up” was strong from Old High German on, and the participle gave ''ungezogen'', Old High German ''ungizogan'' “not yet brought up, unruly” (8th century), modern “naughty”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020)

+

+ The verb also serves in phrases standing for a single verb, such as ''in Zweifel ziehen'' “to doubt” (16th century) and ''Lehren ziehen'' “to learn” (18th century).^(Pfeifer 1993) Impersonal ''es zieht'' means “there is a draught”, colloquially ''es zieht wie Hechtsuppe''.^(Paul 2002) Among the derivatives, ''Aufzug'' took the sense “act of a play” in the 17th century, from the solemn entry of the actors, and ''Anzug'' the sense “suit” in the 18th.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020) Upper Silesian Polish ''cyja'' “accordion” comes from ''Ziehharmonika''.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 765 – Old High German ''ziohan'' appears in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 8th century – ''ungizogan'' “unruly” is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 9th century – ''abaziohan'' “to pull down” is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1060–1065 – Middle High German ''ziehen'' is used by Williram.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 16th century – ''in Zweifel ziehen'' appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 16th century – Luther uses both ''zoch'' and ''zog''.^(DWB|31, 938)

+ * 17th century – ''Aufzug'' is used for an act of a play.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 18th century – ''Anzug'' is used for a suit, and ''Lehren ziehen'' appears.^(Duden 7 2020)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|pull]] or [[m|en|drag]] behind one: ''einen Anhänger ziehen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To pull toward oneself or to a place: ''die Decke über die Schultern ziehen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To pull at something, or work it by pulling: ''an der Leine ziehen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|draw]] out, extract or take: ''eine Karte ziehen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(with sein)'' To move house: ''nach Hamburg ziehen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(with sein)'' To go, travel, [[m|en|migrate]]: ''die Kraniche ziehen nach Süden''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' To extend, stretch: ''der Weg zieht sich durch den Wald''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To grow or breed: ''Tomaten aus Samen ziehen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(of tea)'' To [[m|en|steep]]: ''der Tee muss fünf Minuten ziehen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(impersonal)'' To be draughty: ''es zieht''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To draw a conclusion or result: ''Schlüsse ziehen'', ''Bilanz ziehen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|inhale]] or puff: ''an der Pfeife ziehen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To cause a drawing pain: ''es zieht mir im Nacken''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(colloquial)'' To have the desired effect: ''der Trick zieht nicht mehr''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Zug]]

+ * [[Ziehung]]

+ * [[Zieher]]

+ * [[abziehen]]

+ * [[anziehen]]

+ * [[aufziehen]]

+ * [[ausziehen]]

+ * [[beziehen]]

+ * [[einziehen]]

+ * [[entziehen]]

+ * [[erziehen]]

+ * [[überziehen]]

+ * [[umziehen]]

+ * [[verziehen]]

+ * [[vollziehen]]

+ * [[zuziehen]]

+ * [[ungezogen]]

+ * [[Ziehharmonika]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Zucht]]

+ * [[Zügel]]

+ * [[zögern]]

+ * [[Zögling]]

+ * [[zucken]]

+ * [[Zaum]]

+ * [[Zeug]]

+ * [[Zeuge]]

+ * [[Herzog]]

+ * [[la|dūcō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}