jedoch German · revision 34928

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=c. 1000, Notker}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /jeːˈdɔx/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''jedoch''' (conjunction and adverb)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|iedoch]], [[inh|goh|iodoh]], [[af|goh|io|doh|t1=ever, always|t2=yet, though]], the forerunners of [[je]] and [[doch]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)^(EWA|5, 142) The same compound is [[gml|iodoch]] and [[dum|iedoch]], and Dutch has [[m|nl|edoch]].^(EWA|5, 142)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ In this compound the first part, meaning “ever”, lost its sense of time and came to mean “in any case”, as the simple adverb also did in Early New High German.^(Paul 2002) The Grimms' dictionary describes the first part as marking a conditional or contested assertion.^(DWB|10, 2294)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''iodoh'' is found from about 1000 in Notker and then in Williram, meaning “yet, nevertheless, however, but, in any case”.^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|166)^(EWA|5, 142) Williram writes that Christ, though surrounded by the frailty of the flesh, ''scheinet ie doh sîne divinitatem per miracula'' (“yet shows his divinity through miracles”).^(DWB|10, 2294)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle High German ''iedoch'' served as adverb and conjunction, meaning “yet, nevertheless”, “indeed” and “although”.^(Köbler MHD) In Early New High German it could still introduce a concessive clause, “even if, although”.^(FWB) In the modern language it is used almost only to correct or limit what precedes, like ''aber''.^(DWB|10, 2294) Unlike plain ''doch'' it no longer follows a concessive clause, nor ''und'', ''oder'' and ''aber''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1000 – Notker uses Old High German ''iodoh''.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 1060–1065 – Williram uses ''ie doh''.^(Schützeichel 2012|166)^(DWB|10, 2294)

+ * 1077–1081 – Middle High German ''iedoch'' appears in the Annolied.^(Köbler MHD)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Conjunction and adverb===

+ # [[m|en|however|alt=However]], [[m|en|yet]], but: marks a restriction, reservation or correction of what precedes: ''Das Wetter war schlecht, jedoch gingen wir los.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[je]]

+ * [[doch]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Jedoch'' can stand at the head of its clause with or without inversion, or inside it.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}