ohne German · revision 34923

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 765, Old High German glosses|origins=gem-pro *ēnu}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈoːnə/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''ohne''' (preposition with the accusative; conjunction with ''dass'' or ''zu'' and the infinitive)^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ The vowel was long /aː/ in Middle High German ''āne''.^(Pfeifer 1993) The change to /oː/ began in Central German in the second half of the 14th century and spread from there;^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|13, 1210) Upper German dialects kept ''ahne'', ''ahn''.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|13, 1210)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|āne]], [[inh|goh|ānu]], [[inh|gem-pro|*ēnu|t=without]].^(Kluge 2011|667)^(Köbler AHD)^(Wiktionary) Old High German also had [[m|goh|āno]] and [[m|goh|āna]].^(Schützeichel 2012|39)^(Pfeifer 1993) The same word is [[osx|āno]], [[non|án]] and [[ofs|ōne]], while [[got|𐌹𐌽𐌿|tr=inu|t=without]] shows another vowel grade.^(Kluge 2011|667)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ Outside Germanic it matches [[grc|ἄνευ|tr=áneu|t=without, far from]], and perhaps [[xto|āñu|t=end, rest]].^(Kluge 2011|667)^(Pfeifer 1993) Kluge notes that the reconstructed forms look like locatives of u-stems; if the Tocharian noun is the base, the starting sense would have been “at the stopping”.^(Kluge 2011|667) Kroonen reconstructs [[ine-pro|*h₂ēnu]] for the North and West Germanic forms and explains the short vowel of the Gothic word by its unstressed position.^(Kroonen 2013) Pfeifer considers a link with the negative prefix [[ine-pro|*n̥-]] of [[un-]].^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''ānu'' is recorded from glosses of about 765, and then in Isidor, the Benedictine Rule, the Muspilli, Otfrid and Notker.^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|39) It meant “without”, but also “except, besides” and, after a comparative, “than”.^(Schützeichel 2012|39)^(Köbler AHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Old and Middle High German the word was also an adverb used like an adjective, ''ānu wesan'' “to be without”, with a genitive of the thing lacking;^(Pfeifer 1993) from the Early New High German ''Zweifels ohne sein'' (15th century) comes [[zweifelsohne]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) When the genitive was dropped, ''es ist nicht ohne'' (16th century) came to mean “there is something in it”; in the 19th century ''er ist nicht ohne'' “he is not to be underestimated” followed.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ As a preposition it took the accusative from the beginning, but a genitive or a dative was also possible in older German.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) The particle is not found even in Old English, and it is now lacking in Dutch, the Scandinavian languages and part of Low German.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 765 – Old High German ''ānu'' appears in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 2nd half of the 14th century – The form ''ōne'' with /oː/ appears in Central German.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|13, 1210)

+ * 15th century – ''Zweifels ohne'' is recorded, the source of ''zweifelsohne''.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 16th century – ''Es ist nicht ohne'' “there is something in it” is recorded (Luther).^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)

+ * 19th century – ''Jemand ist nicht ohne'' “someone is not to be underestimated” appears.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # [[m|en|without]]: not having, free from: ''ohne Geld'', ''ohne Angst''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Without something that normally belongs to it: ''ein Hemd ohne Kragen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Not counting, [[m|en|excluding]]: ''ohne die Lehrer waren es dreißig.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # With ''dass'' or ''zu'' and the infinitive: without doing something: ''Er ging, ohne sich umzudrehen.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[ohnehin]]

+ * [[zweifelsohne]]

+ * [[ohnegleichen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[un-]]

+ * [[ungefähr]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Ohne mich!'' means “count me out”.^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''Nicht ohne sein'' (colloquial) is said of something or someone not to be underestimated.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}