heißen German · revision 34917

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German|origins=gem-pro *haitaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈhaɪ̯sən/, [ˈhaɪ̯.sn̩], /ˈhaɪ̯sɛn/^(Wiktionary)

+ * Austria, Southern-Germany, Switzerland: [-sn̩]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''heißen''' (class 7 strong, third-person singular present heißt, past tense hieß, past participle geheißen, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|heizen]], [[inh|goh|heizan]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*haitan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*haitaną|t=to call, name]], a strong verb that once had a reduplicated past tense.^(Kluge 2011|407)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The same verb is [[got|𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽|tr=haitan]], [[non|heita]], [[ang|hātan]], [[ofs|hēta]] and [[osx|hētan]], and today [[nl|heten]] and [[sv|heta]].^(Kluge 2011|407)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ Kluge, Pfeifer and the Duden take it as a Germanic extension with /d/ of the root [[ine-pro|*key-|alt=*keiə-|t=to set in motion]], found in [[la|cieō|t=I set in motion, summon]], [[grc|κινέω|tr=kinéō|t=I set in motion]] and, with another extension, in [[sa|च्यवते|tr=cyávate|t=moves]].^(Kluge 2011|407)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020) The meaning would then have developed from “to drive on, urge” to “to command, call”.^(Duden 7 2020) Kroonen calls it a strong verb without certain cognates outside Germanic except perhaps in Iranian, and reconstructs [[ine-pro|*ḱeyd-|t=to call]].^(Kroonen 2013)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''heizan'' is recorded from the 8th century, in the Abrogans and other glosses and in the Hildebrandslied, and then in the Tatian, Otfrid and Notker.^(EWA|4, 916)^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|146) It meant “to name, call” and “to command, bid”, and in the passive “to be called”.^(EWA|4, 916)^(Schützeichel 2012|146)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The Germanic verb meant “to call someone, summon, command”, also “to promise”, and with a double accusative “to call someone by a name”.^(Kluge 2011|407)^(Pfeifer 1993) Paul takes “to call by name” as the original meaning, as still in Gothic.^(Paul 2002) The modern main sense “to be called” arose in the passive and was taken over by the active voice already in Old High German.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden 7 2020) The sense “to promise” went to [[verheißen]].^(Paul 2002)

+

+ The senses “to call” and “to command” are now rare and formal, except in fixed uses such as ''jemanden willkommen heißen'' and [[gutheißen]].^(Duden 7 2020)^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002) The impersonal ''es heißt'' “it is said” and ''das heißt'' “that is” are common.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German ''heizan'' appears in the Abrogans and the Hildebrandslied.^(EWA|4, 916)^(Schützeichel 2012|146)

+ * 8th century – The noun ''giheiz'' “promise” is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 15th century – ''verheißen'' “to promise” and ''Verheißung'' are recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To be [[m|en|call|alt=called]], have a name: ''Wie heißt deine Schwester?''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(dated)'' To call someone something: ''Er hieß ihn einen Feigling.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(formal)'' To [[m|en|bid]], tell someone to do something: ''Sie hieß ihn warten.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|mean]], signify: ''Was heißt „Haus“ auf Englisch?''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To run, read (of a wording).^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(impersonal)'' ''es heißt'': it is said; it is written.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(impersonal, formal)'' ''es heißt'': it is necessary to.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Geheiß]]

+ * [[gutheißen]]

+ * [[verheißen]]

+ * [[Verheißung]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[heischen]]

+ * [[Schultheiß]]

+ * [[zitieren]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ A separate ''heißen'' “to hoist (a flag or sail)” is a 19th-century form of [[hissen]] influenced by Dutch ''hijsen''.^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}