zeigen German · revision 34913

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=ine-pro *deyḱ-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈt͡saɪ̯ɡən/, [ˈt͡saɪ̯ɡŋ̍]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''zeigen''' (third-person singular present zeigt, past tense zeigte, past participle gezeigt, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+ The older spelling ''zaigen'' survived in Bavarian until the 18th century.^(DWB|31, 501) Forms with ''-e-'' such as ''zeiget'' and ''gezeiget'' were still common in the 18th century.^(DWB|31, 501)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|zeigen]], [[inh|goh|zeigōn]], a verb found only in High German.^(Kluge 2011|1004)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) Kluge, Pfeifer and Paul take it as an intensive formation to [[zeihen]] in the older sense of that verb, “to show”, with the alternation of /h/ and /g/ known as grammatical change.^(Kluge 2011|1004)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch) Kroonen explains it as an iterative with the root vowel /a/, [[gem-pro|*taigōną]], to the root of [[gem-pro|*tīhaną]], and compares a Swiss form with /x/ from Visp.^(Kroonen 2013)^(Wiktionary) Wiktionary also considers a derivation from a noun [[gmw-pro|*taigā|t=designation]].^(Wiktionary) The root is [[ine-pro|*deyḱ-|t=to show, point out]].^(Köbler AHD)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The Grimms' dictionary separates the stem of [[Zeichen]], and with it [[ang|tǣcan]] (English [[m|en|teach]]), from that of zeigen, but notes that all three stems share the basic sense “to show”.^(DWB|31, 501) In New High German the verb also absorbed the unrelated Middle High German [[m|gmh|zöugen|t=to show]], which is related to [[got|𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽|tr=ataugjan]]; the unrounding of vowels in most of Upper German helped zeigen to prevail.^(Wiktionary)^(DWB|31, 501)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''zeigōn'' is first recorded in glosses of the third quarter of the 8th century, and then in Otfrid and Notker, meaning “to show, point out, designate” and “to prove”.^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|404)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Paul describes the first sense as “to point at something”, also with a thing as subject, as a compass needle points north; from this came “to let see, not keep hidden”, used of mental perception as well, and the reflexive senses “to appear” and “to turn out”.^(Paul 2002) Goethe has the reflexive in the dedication of ''Faust'': ''Die früh sich einst dem trüben Blick gezeigt''.^(Paul 2002) ''Es jemandem zeigen'' is used as a threat.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ The Grimms note that the Central and Low German dialects never had zeigen as a popular word and use [[weisen]] instead;^(DWB|31, 501) Adelung, around 1800, considered the two verbs equal in meaning, with zeigen the more refined.^(Adelung 1793) The agent noun [[Zeiger]], Old High German ''zeigāri'' (9th century), first meant the index finger; from the 14th century it was also used for the hand of a clock.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|947) [[Zeigefinger]] is recorded in 1469,^(Paul 2002) [[anzeigen]] in the 15th century and [[Anzeige]] around 1500.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 3rd quarter of the 8th century – Old High German ''zeigōn'' appears in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 9th century – ''zeigāri'' “index finger” is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 14th century – ''zeiger'' is used for the hand of a clock.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|947)

+ * 1469 – ''Zeigefinger'' is recorded.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 15th century – ''anzeigen'' “to announce” appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * c. 1500 – ''Anzeige'' “notice, announcement” appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 18th century – The Bavarian spelling ''zaigen'' goes out of use.^(DWB|31, 501)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|point]] in a direction with a finger or arm; of instruments, to indicate: ''sie zeigte auf das Schild'', ''der Pfeil zeigt nach rechts''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To make something clear to someone by explaining or [[m|en|demonstrating]]: ''er zeigte ihr, wie man den Ofen anheizt''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To let someone see something, to [[m|en|exhibit]]; of a cinema or broadcaster, to screen: ''sie zeigte uns ihre Fotos''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To display a feeling or quality: ''Mut zeigen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To prove, make evident: ''die Umfrage zeigt, dass viele unzufrieden sind''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' To appear, show oneself; to turn out: ''es zeigte sich bald, dass der Plan nicht aufging''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Zeiger]]

+ * [[Zeigefinger]]

+ * [[anzeigen]]

+ * [[Anzeige]]

+ * [[aufzeigen]]

+ * [[bezeigen]]

+ * [[erzeigen]]

+ * [[herzeigen]]

+ * [[vorzeigen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[zeihen]]

+ * [[Zeichen]]

+ * [[verzeihen]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Es jemandem zeigen'' (colloquial) means to show someone what one is capable of, or, as a threat, to teach someone a lesson.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}