bringen German · revision 34911

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 765, Old High German glosses|origins=gem-pro *bringaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈbrɪŋən/, [bʁɪŋən], [b̥riŋ(ː)ən]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Germany: [b̥ʁɪŋŋ̍]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''bringen''' (irregular weak, third-person singular present bringt, past tense brachte, past participle gebracht, past subjunctive brächte, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+ Luther still used the past participle ''bracht'' without ''ge-''.^(DWB|2, 384) The strong participle ''(ge)brungen'' was used in older German and survives in dialects.^(DWB2|5, 817)^(EWA|2, 338)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|bringen]], [[inh|goh|bringan]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*bringan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*bringaną|t=to bring]].^(Kluge 2011|152)^(Wiktionary)^(EWA|2, 338) The same verb is [[got|𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽|tr=briggan]], [[ang|bringan]] and [[ofs|bringa]], and today [[nl|brengen]] and [[en|bring]].^(Kluge 2011|152)^(Pfeifer 1993) North Germanic had no such verb: [[da|bringe]] and [[sv|bringa]] were borrowed from Middle Low German.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|2, 384)

+

+ Its inflection is unique in Germanic: a strong present beside a weak past with a different vowel (brachte), and in West Germanic partly a strong participle, which in Old High German also led to strong past forms such as Otfrid's [[m|goh|brang]].^(Kluge 2011|152)^(EWA|2, 338) Beside it, West Germanic had a weak verb of the causative type, [[gem-pro|*brangjan]], in [[m|goh|brengen]] (9th century), [[osx|brengian]] and [[m|ang|brengan]]; it continues in Dutch and in Central German dialects.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(EWA|2, 338)

+

+ Outside Germanic, Kluge compares [[cy|hebrwng|t=to lead, bring]] and perhaps [[txb|präṅk-|t=to hold back]], under a form [[ine-pro|*bʰrenk-]], which would require grammatical change in Germanic.^(Kluge 2011|152)^(Pfeifer 1993) This form is seen as a blend of [[ine-pro|*bʰer-|t=to carry]] and [[ine-pro|*h₁neḱ-|t=to reach]], two roots that supplement each other in Greek.^(Kluge 2011|152)^(Wiktionary) Pfeifer considers the further origin unexplained.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''bringan'' is first recorded in glosses of about 765, and then throughout the Old High German texts, meaning “to bring, give, lead, produce, offer”.^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|60)^(EWA|2, 338) An 8th-century gloss renders Latin ''tulerunt'' “they brought” as ''prahton''.^(DWB2|5, 817) Old Saxon has ''bringan'' only twice, in one manuscript of the ''Heliand'', beside the usual ''brengian''.^(EWA|2, 338)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Paul treats ''bringen'' as the causative of [[kommen]]: many phrases correspond, such as ''zur Sprache bringen'' beside ''zur Sprache kommen'', while others have no counterpart, such as ''zuwege bringen'', ''übers Herz bringen'' and ''hinter sich bringen''.^(Paul 2002) The revised Grimm dictionary groups the senses around change of place and change of possession, from which the others are derived, and notes its use as a light verb with nouns of action.^(DWB2|5, 817) Older German said ''ein Kind bringen'' for giving birth, now ''zur Welt bringen'';^(Paul 2002)^(FWB) a field ''bringt'' fruit and money ''bringt'' interest.^(Paul 2002) Heine wrote ''Denk ich an Deutschland in der Nacht, / Dann bin ich um den Schlaf gebracht''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ [[umbringen]] is late Middle High German ''umbebringen'' (about 1400), “to ward off” and “to kill”;^(Pfeifer 1993) [[Mitbringsel]] “small present from a trip” appeared in the second half of the 19th century.^(Pfeifer 1993) English borrowed ''bringsel'', a device hanging from a trained dog's collar.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 765 – Old High German ''bringan'' appears in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 9th century – The weak verb ''brengen'' is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * c. 1400 – ''umbebringen'' “to kill” appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 16th century – Luther uses the participle ''bracht'' without ''ge-''.^(DWB|2, 384)

+ * Second half of the 19th century – ''Mitbringsel'' appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To take, carry, [[m|en|convey]] to a place: ''das Paket zur Post bringen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To bring something to someone and hand it over: ''der Nachbarin einen Kuchen bringen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|accompany]] someone to a place: ''sie brachte ihn zum Zug''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(with es)'' To achieve, get somewhere: ''es weit bringen'', ''es zu etwas bringen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002)

+ # To cause someone or something to get into a state or place: ''jemanden zum Lachen bringen'', ''sich in Gefahr bringen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|yield]], produce: ''das Konto bringt kaum Zinsen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002)

+ # ''(colloquial)'' To manage, pull off; with ''es'' or ''nichts'', to be of use: ''das bringt doch nichts''.^(Wiktionary)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(with a noun of action)'' Forms phrases that stand for a verb: ''zum Ausdruck bringen'' “to express”.^(Wiktionary)^(DWB2|5, 817)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[abbringen]]

+ * [[anbringen]]

+ * [[aufbringen]]

+ * [[beibringen]]

+ * [[durchbringen]]

+ * [[einbringen]]

+ * [[erbringen]]

+ * [[hervorbringen]]

+ * [[mitbringen]]

+ * [[Mitbringsel]]

+ * [[umbringen]]

+ * [[unterbringen]]

+ * [[verbringen]]

+ * [[vollbringen]]

+ * [[unwiederbringlich]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|bring]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Etwas hinter sich bringen'' means to get something over with, and ''jemanden um etwas bringen'' to deprive someone of something.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}