jung German · revision 34889

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=ine-pro *i̯uu̯ṇk̑ós}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /jʊŋ(k)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''jung''' (strong nominative masculine singular junger, comparative jünger, superlative am jüngsten)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|junc]], [[inh|goh|jung]], [[inh|gem-pro|*jungaz|t=young]].^(Kluge 2011|458)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Wiktionary) The same word is [[got|𐌾𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍃|tr=juggs]], [[osx|jung]], [[non|ungr]], [[ang|geong]] and [[ofs|jung]], and today [[nl|jong]], [[en|young]] and [[sv|ung]].^(Kluge 2011|458)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Pfeifer 1993) Pfeifer derives the Germanic form from an older [[m|gem-pro|*juwunga-]].^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ It is an extension with a k-suffix of the Indo-European adjective for “young”: [[ine-pro|*i̯uu̯ṇk̑ós]], from the stem [[m|ine-pro|*i̯uu̯en-]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|458) The same formation is found in [[la|iuvencus|t=young bull; young man]] and [[sga|óac|t=young]], and the simple stem in [[m|la|iuvenis|t=young]] and [[lt|jaunas|alt=jáunas|t=young]].^(Kluge 2011|458)^(Orel 2003)^(Pfeifer 1993) Wiktionary explains the short vowel by Osthoff's law and the /g/ by Verner's law.^(Wiktionary) Kroonen reports the usual analysis as a possessive formation from the word for “lifetime”, “having lifetime left”, but would rather derive it from a verbal base “to mature”, comparing [[txb|yäw-|t=to ripen]].^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''jung'' is recorded from the 8th century, in glosses of about 765, and then in Tatian, the Benedictine Rule, Otfrid, the Ludwigslied and Notker.^(EWA|5, 315)^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|170) It meant “young”, also “new” and “virginal”, and was used of animals too; the superlative ''jungisto'' meant “last”, and the comparative ''jungiro'' was early used as a noun for “disciple”, the ancestor of [[Jünger]].^(EWA|5, 315)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The sense “new, fresh”, as in ''der junge Tag'' or ''junge Triebe'', spread only in New High German, perhaps supported by Old High German ''zi jungist'' “at last” and the biblical ''Jüngster Tag'' and ''Jüngstes Gericht'', in which the word means “last”.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden 7 2020) In ''Junges Deutschland'' (1834, Ludolf Wienbarg), the name of a literary movement, it means “progressive, modern”, and the ''Junggrammatiker'' (1878) were linguists of a new, strict method;^(Paul 2002)^(LWP) English took over ''Junggrammatiker'' in 1922.^(Paul 2002)^(LWP)

+

+ The noun ''das Junge'' “young animal” is old, from Old High German ''jungo'' (9th century), while ''der Junge'' “boy”, mainly northern and central, is a 16th-century shortening of phrases such as ''der junge Knabe''.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020) [[Jungfrau]] first meant a young unmarried noblewoman; through the Virgin Mary it came to mean “virgin”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch) [[Junggeselle]] was a young journeyman in the 15th century and an unmarried man from the 16th.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 765 – Old High German ''jung'' appears in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 9th century – ''jungo'' “young animal” is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * c. 1000 – ''jungfrouwa'' “young noblewoman” is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 15th century – ''jungen'' “to bear young” and ''Junggeselle'' “young journeyman” appear.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 16th century – ''der Junge'' “boy” and ''verjüngen'' appear.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1834 – Ludolf Wienbarg names the movement ''Junges Deutschland''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|young]]: not yet old, of people, animals and plants: ''ein junger Lehrer'', ''junge Katzen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Younger or youngest of two or more: ''ihre jüngere Schwester'';^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''(colloquial, jocular)'' of a certain not great age: ''die zwanzig Jahre junge Sängerin''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # [[m|en|youthful]] in looks, manner or spirit: ''Er ist jung geblieben.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # New, existing only for a short time: ''ein junges Unternehmen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Duden 7 2020)

+ # ''(superlative)'' Most recent: ''die jüngsten Ereignisse''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Junge]]

+ * [[jungen]]

+ * [[verjüngen]]

+ * [[Jungfrau]]

+ * [[jungfräulich]]

+ * [[Jungfer]]

+ * [[Junggeselle]]

+ * [[Jungbrunnen]]

+ * [[Jünger]]

+ * [[Jüngling]]

+ * [[jüngst]]

+ * [[Junker]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Jugend]]

+ * [[Junior]]

+ * [[en|young]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Jung und Alt'' means “everyone”.^(Duden GWDS 1999) The proverb ''jung gewohnt, alt getan'' says that habits learned when young come easily later; it is recorded in Early New High German.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002)

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}