Bild German · revision 34883

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=gmw-pro *biliþi}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /bɪlt/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Bild''' ''n'' (genitive Bildes or Bilds, plural Bilder, diminutive Bildchen n)^(Wiktionary)

+ Until the 17th century the plural was also ''bilde'' or ''bilden'';^(DWB2|5, 217)^(EWA|2, 50) Luther wavers between ''bilde'' and ''bilder''.^(DWB2|5, 217)^(EWA|2, 50)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|bilde]], [[inh|goh|bilidi]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*biliþi]].^(Kluge 2011|122)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) Early Upper German also had [[m|goh|biladi]] and [[m|goh|bilodi]]; the form with -idi, which Franconian and Old Saxon had, became general in the 10th century.^(EWA|2, 50)^(AWB) The word is found only on the continent: [[osx|biliði|t=sign, likeness]], [[ofs|bild]] and [[nl|beeld]].^(Kluge 2011|122)^(Pfeifer 1993) Late [[non|bílæti]] was borrowed from Low German and adapted to [[m|non|læti|t=behaviour]],^(Kluge 2011|122) and [[sv|bild]] and [[da|billede]] were taken from German.^(DWB|2, 8)

+

+ It was formed with the collective suffix [[gem-pro|*-iþja-]] from a stem [[m|gem-pro|*bil-]] that has no certain explanation.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|122) Kluge posits a lost noun of this stem meaning something like “model, measure”, which would also explain [[Weichbild]], [[Unbill]] and [[billig]], but notes that there is no evidence for it.^(Kluge 2011|122) Other proposals start from “sign, omen” (Foerste) or “spiritual being” (Karg-Gasterstädt);^(Pfeifer 1993) the Duden, comparing [[Bilwiss]] “goblin”, sets up a stem “wonder-working power, wonder sign”.^(Duden 7 2014|170)^(Duden GWDS 1999) Jacob Grimm took the stem from a verb “to hew, shape”, so that the image would be “that which is shaped”.^(DWB|2, 8)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''bilidi'' is first recorded in a gloss of the 8th century, and ''biladi'' in the Abrogans, the Samanunga and the Benedictine Rule.^(EWA|2, 50)^(AWB)^(AWB|1, 1028) Kluge gives “model, pattern” as the oldest sense.^(Kluge 2011|122) The Old High German word also meant “example, parable”, as in Isidor and Otfrid, “likeness, image”, “form, shape” and, in Notker, “idea, concept”.^(EWA|2, 50)^(DWB2|5, 217)^(Schützeichel 2012|49)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The sense “form, figure” survives in [[Mannsbild]] and [[Weibsbild]], which were not disparaging until the 19th century.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) For a long time a ''Bild'' was above all a work of sculpture or casting, as in Luther's idols, [[Bildhauer]] and ''Bildsäule''; only later was it restricted to the painter's work, while from the mid-19th century it was also used for photographs.^(Paul 2002)^(Pfeifer 1993) It entered philosophy with Notker, the mystics and Christian Wolff.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ The phrases ''im Bilde sein'' “to be informed” and ''ins Bild setzen'' depend on ''sich ein Bild machen'' “to form an idea” and seem to have arisen in military planning.^(Kluge 2011|122)^(Duden 7 2014|170) Hungarian [[m|hu|példa|t=example, parable]], recorded in 1372, is listed as a loan from the German word.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German ''bilidi'' appears in a gloss.^(EWA|2, 50)^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 863–871 – Otfrid uses ''bilidi'' for parables.^(DWB2|5, 217)

+ * 1372 – Hungarian ''példa'' is recorded.^(LWP)

+ * 15th century – ''Mannsbild'' and ''Weibsbild'' are written as one word;^(Pfeifer 1993) ''bildhower'' “sculptor” appears.^(Duden 7 2014|170)

+ * 17th century – ''Urbild'' is coined to render ''archetypus''.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * Mid-19th century – ''Bild'' and ''Lichtbild'' are used for photographs.^(Paul 2002)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|picture]]: a painting, drawing or print.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A [[m|en|photograph]]; a picture on a screen.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A likeness, reflection: ''sein Bild im Wasser''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # A sight, view: ''Der Hafen bot ein friedliches Bild.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # A mental picture, impression, idea: ''sich ein Bild von etwas machen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(theatre)'' A [[m|en|scene]] played in one setting.^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # A [[m|en|metaphor]], figurative expression.^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''(mathematics)'' The image of an element under a function.^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Abbild]]

+ * [[Ebenbild]]

+ * [[Vorbild]]

+ * [[Urbild]]

+ * [[Gebilde]]

+ * [[Bildnis]]

+ * [[bildlich]]

+ * [[bilden]]

+ * [[Bildhauer]]

+ * [[bildschön]]

+ * [[Mannsbild]]

+ * [[Weibsbild]]

+ * [[Lichtbild]]

+ * [[Bildschirm]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[billig]]

+ * [[Unbill]]

+ * [[Weichbild]]

+ * [[Bilwiss]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Ein Bild für die Götter'' is a comically grotesque sight, and ''ein Bild von einem Mann'' a very handsome man.^(Duden GWDS 1999) Paul records ''im Bild sein'' as Austrian.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}