Artikel German · revision 34857

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 1250|origins=la artus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /a(ʁ)ˈtɪkəl/, /a(ʁ)ˈtiːkəl/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Artikel''' ''m'' (genitive Artikels, plural Artikel)^(Wiktionary)

+ Until the 18th century the word was also written ''Articul'' and was often inflected as Latin (''articuli'', ''articulos'').^(DFWB)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|artikel]], [[bor|la|articulus|t=small joint; section]], a diminutive of [[m|la|artus|t=joint, limb]].^(Kluge 2011|63)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DFWB) Kluge and Pfeifer describe several borrowings of the same Latin word: first into the language of chanceries, in the sense “section of a contract or law”, then in the 16th century as a term of grammar, and in the late 17th century, from [[fr|article]], in the sense “item of merchandise”.^(Kluge 2011|63)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|109)

+

+ The grammatical sense of [[m|la|articulus]] is a loan meaning after [[grc|ἄρθρον|tr=árthron|t=joint]], which the Stoics used for certain pronouns; the article was seen as a joint in the sentence.^(Kluge 2011|63)^(Pfeifer 1993) [[en|article]], [[nl|artikel]] and [[sv|artikel]] go back to the same Latin word.^(Kluge 2011|63) Kluge connects the Latin word with the family of [[Arm]].^(Kluge 2011|63)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first records are from the mid-13th century, when a Nuremberg ordinance lists the ''articuli'' that every citizen must swear to keep; the German form appears in a charter of 1281 and in 1291 (''artikeln'').^(DFWB)^(Paul 2002)^(Pfeifer 1993) The sense is “section of a document”, especially of a legal or religious text.^(DFWB)^(DWB2|3, 310)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From “clause of a text” the word came to mean its content, a provision or a point of dispute, which was common from the 16th to the 18th century; articles of faith were called [[Glaubensartikel]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) In the 18th century it was used for a self-contained piece of writing in a periodical, Goethe's ''Zeitungsartikel'', from which comes [[Leitartikel]] “editorial”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ The grammatical term is recorded in 1556; in the 17th century Schottelius, Zesen and Stieler proposed ''Geschlechtswort'' for it, and Gottsched spoke of the definite and indefinite article in 1749.^(Paul 2002) The commercial sense “kind of goods” is recorded in 1676, after French article, from the separate items of a bill.^(Paul 2002)^(Kluge 2011|63) Czech ''artikl'' and Russian ''артикул'' were borrowed from German.^(LWP)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1250 – Latin ''articuli'' appears in a Nuremberg ordinance.^(DFWB)

+ * 1281 – Middle High German ''artikel'' is recorded.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1439 – The verb ''artikulieren'' is recorded.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1556 – ''Artikel'' is used as a term of grammar.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1676 – The sense “kind of goods” appears, after French ''article''.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1749 – Gottsched writes of the definite and indefinite article.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 18th century – The sense “newspaper article” appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # An [[m|en|article]], a piece of writing in a newspaper, journal or reference work.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A numbered section of a law, treaty or similar text, a [[m|en|clause]]: ''Artikel 1 der Verfassung''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # An article of faith; a thesis.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # An item of merchandise, a [[m|en|product]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(grammar)'' The definite or indefinite article.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[artikulieren]]

+ * [[Artikulation]]

+ * [[Leitartikel]]

+ * [[Glaubensartikel]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Arm]]

+ * [[en|article]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}