während German · revision 34846

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=18th century|origins=goh wesan}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈvɛːʁənt/, /ˈveːʁənt/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''während''' (preposition with the genitive, colloquially also with the dative; conjunction)^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It arose in the 18th century from the present participle of [[währen]] “to last”.^(Kluge 2011|968)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|917) In phrases where the participle agreed with a noun in the genitive, meaning “in the time of the lasting war” and the like, it was reinterpreted as a preposition governing that case; the Grimms' dictionary sees [[fr|pendant]] as the model.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|27, 807)^(Wiktionary) The conjunction developed from the preposition, and its sense of contrast grew out of that of simultaneity, as with other conjunctions.^(Kluge 2011|968)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ The verb is [[gmh|wern]], [[goh|werēn]], [[osx|weron]], [[ang|werian|t=to remain]], a durative verb formed to [[m|goh|wesan|t=to be, stay]] (see [[Wesen]]), with the change of /s/ to /r/ known as grammatical change; it thus first meant “to be lasting”.^(Kluge 2011|968)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|917) Köbler gives the root as [[ine-pro|*wes-|t=to dwell, stay]].^(Köbler AHD)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Pfeifer traces it to phrases such as ''in währender Zeit'' from the 17th century.^(Pfeifer 1993) Gottsched already knew the prepositional use but rejected it, arguing that nobody says ''dauernd der Zeit''; the first dictionary to list it is Nieremberger's of 1753.^(DWB|27, 807)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ As a conjunction it grew from ''während dessen'' and ''während dem, daß'' in the first half of the 18th century, through shortened ''während daß'' (from 1760), to plain ''während'' around 1800.^(Pfeifer 1993) Adelung considered it most usual as a preposition with the genitive and condemned the dative, common in Upper German, as well as combinations such as ''unter währender Mahlzeit''.^(Adelung 1793) The dative is still colloquial today, and in Switzerland the preposition is also used with ''dauern''.^(Duden GWDS 1999) As a participle it survives in compounds such as [[immerwährend]].^(Adelung 1793)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 17th century – ''in währender Zeit'' is in use.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * First half of the 18th century – ''während dessen'' and ''während dem, daß'' appear.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1753 – Nieremberger lists ''während'' as a preposition.^(DWB|27, 807)

+ * 1760 – ''während daß'' is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * c. 1800 – Plain ''während'' becomes usual as a conjunction.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # [[m|en|during|alt=During]], in the course of: ''während der Ferien''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # [[m|en|while|alt=While]], at the same time as: ''Während er kochte, deckte sie den Tisch.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|whereas|alt=Whereas]], expressing a contrast.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[währen]]

+ * [[Währung]]

+ * [[Wesen]]

+ * [[langwierig]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}