Familie German · revision 34845

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1441–1452, Rhineland legal record|origins=la famulus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /faˈmiːli̯ə/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Familie''' ''f'' (genitive Familie, plural Familien)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|la|familia|t=the household servants; the whole household]], a collective noun formed to [[m|la|famulus|t=servant]].^(Kluge 2011|275)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|255) Pfeifer dates the borrowing to the early 15th century; it spread slowly from the middle of the 16th century and became fully established only in the 17th and 18th centuries, under the influence of [[fr|famille]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DFWB)^(DWB2|9, 119) Paul names both the Latin and the French word as its source.^(Paul 2002) Wahrig calls the further origin of the Latin noun uncertain.^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch) The same word is [[nl|familie]], [[en|family]] and [[sv|familj]].^(Kluge 2011|275)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The revised Grimms' dictionary quotes it from a Rhineland record of 1441–1452 in the Latin sense “household”, the people living together in one house.^(DWB2|9, 119) The ''Deutsches Fremdwörterbuch'' has its first record in 1523, and in chancery language the word at first meant the household including servants, or all the dependants of a lord.^(DFWB)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The older native word was Old High German ''hīwiski'', Middle High German ''hīwische'' “household, family, kin”, related to the first part of [[Heirat]], which died out early.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)^(Schützeichel 2012|154) Luther did not use ''Familie'' and said ''Haus'' instead (''ich und mein Haus wollen dem Herrn dienen''), and the formula ''Weib und Kind'' was also used.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|255) The Grimms noted that the word only gradually reached townspeople and peasants.^(DWB|3, 1305)

+

+ Until the 18th century the word included the servants; from then on it referred mainly to relatives, first a whole lineage, especially of the nobility, then above all a married couple and their children.^(Paul 2002)^(DFWB) It gained social and political weight around 1800, when it was called the cornerstone of civil society (1794) and Hegel wrote of the spirit of the family (1822).^(Paul 2002) In the second half of the 20th century many compounds were formed to name new ways of living together.^(WGd) In biology it names a rank between order and genus.^(Duden Fremdwörterbuch 2007)^(Wiktionary) Russian ''фамилия'', Latvian ''famīlija'' and Danish ''familie'' were borrowed from German.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1441–1452 – A Rhineland record uses the word for a household.^(DWB2|9, 119)

+ * Early 15th century – Pfeifer's date for the borrowing.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1523 – First record in the ''Deutsches Fremdwörterbuch''.^(DFWB)

+ * 1566 – The word appears in a Frankfurt formulary of chancery letters.^(WGd)

+ * 18th century – It becomes established under French influence and narrows to relatives.^(DFWB)^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1794 – The family is called the cornerstone of civil society.^(Paul 2002)

+ * Second half of the 20th century – Many new compounds name forms of living together.^(WGd)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|family]]: parents or a single parent living with at least one child: ''eine Familie mit drei Kindern''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # All the people related by blood or marriage, a [[m|en|clan]] or [[m|en|lineage]]: ''die Familie ihrer Mutter''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Duden Fremdwörterbuch 2007)

+ # ''(biology)'' A [[m|en|taxonomy|alt=taxonomic]] rank between order and genus.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Duden Fremdwörterbuch 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A group of things with common features or origin, such as languages.^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[familiär]]

+ * [[Familienname]]

+ * [[Familienvater]]

+ * [[familienfreundlich]]

+ * [[Großfamilie]]

+ * [[Kleinfamilie]]

+ * [[Kernfamilie]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Famulus]]

+ * [[en|family]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Die Heilige Familie'' is Mary and Joseph with the infant Jesus.^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''Das kommt in den besten Familien vor'' “that happens in the best families” excuses a mishap, and ''das bleibt in der Familie'' means “that stays between us”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}