gewinnen German · revision 34835

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German|origins=ine-pro *wenh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɡəˈvɪnən/, [ɡəˈvɪ-], [ɡəˈʋɪ-]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''gewinnen''' (class 3 strong, third-person singular present gewinnt, past tense gewann, past participle gewonnen, past subjunctive gewänne or gewönne, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+ Beside the past subjunctive ''gewönne'' the newer ''gewänne'' is also frequent.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|gewinnen]], [[inh|goh|giwinnan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*gawinnaną]], a prefixed form of the verb [[goh|winnan|t=to toil, fight, rage]], which has not survived in modern German.^(Kluge 2011|357)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014|339)^(Wiktionary) Kluge calls the prefixed verb common Germanic, but notes that only in West Germanic did it come to mean “to acquire”: [[got|𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽|tr=gawinnan]] meant “to suffer”.^(Kluge 2011|357)^(Pfeifer 1993) The simple verb, [[gem-pro|*winnaną|t=to toil, strive]], is [[got|𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽|tr=winnan|t=to suffer]], [[non|vinna|t=to work, achieve]], [[ang|winnan]], [[ofs|winna]] and [[osx|winnan]], and [[en|win]] continues it.^(Kluge 2011|357)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The prefix [[ge-]] expresses success, so that the verb first meant “to achieve by effort”.^(Paul 2002)^(Kluge 2011|357)

+

+ Outside Germanic it belongs to the root [[ine-pro|*wenh₁-|t=to strive, wish, desire]], found in [[sa|वनोति|tr=vanóti|t=wishes, desires, wins]], [[cu|оунити|tr=uniti|t=to want]] and [[la|venus|t=love]].^(Kluge 2011|357)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) Kluge explains the Germanic double /nn/ most likely from a form with /w/, like the /u/ of the Sanskrit verb.^(Kluge 2011|357) He also reports, with some sympathy, Jost Trier's view that the first meaning was “to pluck (leafy branches)”.^(Kluge 2011|357) The Duden thinks that the root referred to the search for food and to hunting and war, and that the senses “to wish, love” developed from this.^(Duden 7 2014|339) To the same family belong [[Wonne]], [[Wunsch]], [[wohnen]], [[gewöhnen]] and [[Wahn]], and the old word for “friend”, [[goh|wini]], kept in names such as [[Erwin]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014|339)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''giwinnan'' is recorded from the 8th century, in glosses and in the ''Hildebrandslied'', and then in the Muspilli, Otfrid, Notker and Williram.^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|391) It meant “to gain for oneself, procure, bring, choose, acquire, reach, seize”, also “to convict in court” and “to get into one's power”, while the simple ''winnan'' meant “to toil, work, fight, rage”.^(Schützeichel 2012|391)^(Köbler AHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle High German ''gewinnen'' meant “to obtain by work, effort or fighting, acquire, procure”.^(Pfeifer 1993) It has long been used also of things that come to someone without effort or even intention, and is the opposite of [[verlieren]].^(Paul 2002) Paul distinguishes the use with an opponent, where the object is either the contest (''eine Schlacht'', ''einen Prozess gewinnen'') or the prize (''den Sieg'', ''die Oberhand''), from the use without one; the older sense “to capture”, as in Luther's ''Josua gewann alle diese Könige'', is obsolete.^(Paul 2002) From the sense “to obtain” comes the use in mining and production: one ''gewinnt'' coal or sugar.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ The noun [[Gewinn]], Old High German ''giwin'', is recorded in the 8th century; [[Gewinnler]] “profiteer” in the 16th, surviving in [[Kriegsgewinnler]] (20th century).^(Pfeifer 1993) Slovene took ''gvinjati'' “to win” and ''gvinj'' “gain” from German.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German ''giwinnan'' appears in glosses and the ''Hildebrandslied''.^(Köbler AHD)^(Kluge 2011|357)

+ * 8th century – The noun ''giwin'' “gain” is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1060–1065 – Middle High German ''gewinnen'' is used by Williram.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 16th century – ''Gewinnler'' appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 20th century – ''Kriegsgewinnler'' “war profiteer” appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|win]] a fight, contest or dispute: ''ein Tennismatch gewinnen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To be the winner, to be [[m|en|victorious]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To win money or a prize in a game or lottery; of a ticket, to be a winner.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # To [[m|en|gain]], to obtain something desirable: ''Zeit gewinnen'', ''jemandes Vertrauen gewinnen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(formal)'' To reach a place with effort: ''die Küste gewinnen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # To win someone over, to [[m|en|persuade]]: ''jemanden für ein Projekt gewinnen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To improve; to gain in something: ''an Höhe gewinnen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To [[m|en|extract]] minerals, or to produce from a natural product: ''Öl aus Oliven gewinnen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Gewinn]]

+ * [[Gewinner]]

+ * [[Gewinnung]]

+ * [[Gewinnler]]

+ * [[Kriegsgewinnler]]

+ * [[gewinnend]]

+ * [[wiedergewinnen]]

+ * [[zurückgewinnen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Wonne]]

+ * [[Wunsch]]

+ * [[wohnen]]

+ * [[gewöhnen]]

+ * [[überwinden]]

+ * [[en|win]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Es über sich gewinnen, etwas zu tun'' (formal, dated) is to bring oneself to do something.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}