mögen German · revision 34826

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century|origins=gem-pro *maganą}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈmøːɡən/, [ˈmøːɡən], [ˈmøːɡŋ̩]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''mögen''' (preterite-present, third-person singular present mag, past tense mochte, past participle gemocht, past subjunctive möchte, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old High German had the plural ''magum'' in Alemannic and Bavarian but ''mugum'' in Franconian; the ''u''-forms spread, and Middle High German has ''mugen'', ''mügen''.^(DWB|12, 2449) The past tense ''mochte'' was often spelled ''mogte'' in the 18th century, after the present.^(Paul 2002) Adelung rejected ''mogte'' and ''gemogt'' around 1800.^(Adelung 1793)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|mügen]], [[inh|goh|mugan]], also [[m|goh|magan]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*magan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*maganą|t=to be able]], a preterite-present verb.^(Kluge 2011|630)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The same verb is [[got|𐌼𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽|tr=magan]], [[non|mega]], [[ang|magan]] and [[osx|mugan]], and today [[nl|mogen]], [[en|may]] and [[sv|må]].^(Kluge 2011|630)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ Outside Germanic it is closest to [[cu|мошти|tr=mošti|t=to be able]], with [[ru|мочь|tr=moč’]].^(Kluge 2011|630)^(Pfeifer 1993) Pfeifer and the Duden add [[sa|मघ|tr=maghá|t=power, wealth, gift]] and [[lt|magėti|alt=magė́ti|t=to please]], and derive the group from a root [[ine-pro|*magʰ-|t=to be able, have power]];^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|561) Wiktionary writes it [[ine-pro|*megʰ-]].^(Wiktionary) Kluge regards the further connections as unclear, and notes that the ablaut of the Germanic forms is hard to define.^(Kluge 2011|630) The noun [[Macht]] belongs to the same verb.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|561)

+

+ The umlaut of the infinitive is not historically expected; it spread in the same way as in [[können]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The verb is recorded from the 8th century, in Old High German glosses of 765, the ''Hildebrandslied'', the Isidor and many other texts;^(Kluge 2011|630)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|228) Pfeifer dates ''magan'' to the 8th and ''mugan'' to the 9th century.^(Kluge 2011|630)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|228) It meant “to be able, have power”, and also “may, must, shall”.^(Schützeichel 2012|228)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The original sense “to be able” remained usual until the 17th century, as in Luther's ''fürchtet euch nicht vor denen, die den Leib töten und die Seele nicht mögen töten'' (Matthew 10:28); after that [[können]] and [[vermögen]] took its place.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) The modern sense “to like, want” arose in negative sentences: “not to be able to” became “not to be inclined to, not to want to”.^(Kluge 2011|630)^(Pfeifer 1993) Pfeifer and Wiktionary date this shift to the 16th century, while the Duden places it in Middle High German.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary)^(Duden 7 2020|561)

+

+ Adelung, around 1800, still gave “to be able” as the first sense, but noted that it was dated in High German and alive only in Upper German.^(Adelung 1793) The Swiss and some regional dialects keep it.^(Duden GWDS 1999) The past subjunctive ''möchte'' is now used as a polite present, “would like”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German ''magan'' is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|630)

+ * 9th century – The form ''mugan'' is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 16th century – The sense “to like, want” develops in negative sentences.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary)

+ * 17th century – The sense “to be able” falls out of general use.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary)

+ * 18th century – The past tense is often spelled ''mogte''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(modal, with an infinitive)'' To express a supposition, may: ''es mag drei Uhr gewesen sein''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(modal)'' To express a concession: ''sie mag ruhig lachen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(subjunctive ''möchte'')'' To wish, would like: ''ich möchte gern ein Glas Wasser''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(modal, mostly negative)'' To want, be inclined to: ''ich mag jetzt nicht spazieren gehen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(modal)'' To express a request: ''er möge sich melden''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(Switzerland, otherwise regional)'' To be able.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To [[m|en|like]], be fond of: ''sie mag Katzen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[möglich]]

+ * [[vermögen]]

+ * [[Vermögen]]

+ * [[vermögend]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Macht]]

+ * [[können]]

+ * [[en|may]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}