Monat German · revision 34822

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=765, Old High German glosses|origins=ine-pro *mēnōt-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈmoːnat/, /ˈmoːˌnaːt/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Monat''' ''m or n'' (genitive Monates or Monats, plural Monate)^(Wiktionary)

+ Middle High German and Early New High German also used the word as a neuter.^(Köbler MHD)^(FWB) The change of ''ā'' to ''ō'' before /n/ is Middle High German, as in ''mōnōt'' beside ''mānōt''.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|mānōt]], [[inh|goh|mānōd]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*mānōþ]], [[inh|gem-pro|*mēnōþs]].^(Kluge 2011|631)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[got|𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃|tr=mēnōþs]], [[non|mánaðr]], [[ang|mōnaþ]], [[ofs|mōnath]] and [[osx|mānuth]], and today [[nl|maand]], [[en|month]] and [[sv|månad]].^(Kluge 2011|631)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ Kluge explains that the word originally meant both “moon” and “month”, since months were counted by the moon's phases.^(Kluge 2011|631) In the singular the final consonant of the stem stood at the end of the word and was lost, which gave [[Mond]] (whose final dental is secondary), while in the plural, used only for “month”, it was kept.^(Kluge 2011|631) Its closest relative outside Germanic is [[lt|mėnuo|alt=mė́nuo|t=moon, month]]; a shorter stem underlies [[sa|मास्|tr=mā́s|t=moon, month]], [[la|mēnsis|t=month]], [[grc|μήν|tr=mḗn|t=month]], [[sga|mí]] and [[cy|mis]], and an extended form [[cu|мѣсѧць|tr=měsęcĭ|t=moon, month]].^(Kluge 2011|631) The reconstructed form is [[ine-pro|*mēnōt-]], or [[ine-pro|*meh₁n-ot-]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013) It is perhaps further related to the root [[ine-pro|*mē-|t=to measure]], as the moon was the measurer of time, but Kluge leaves this open.^(Kluge 2011|631)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''mānōd'' is first recorded in glosses of 765, and then in the Tatian, Otfrid and Notker, meaning “month”.^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|215) The compound ''mānōdsioh'' “moonstruck, lunatic” (9th century) shows that it could still mean “moon”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014|571)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Germanic times a month was the span between one full moon and the next, used to tell time but not to divide the year; the division of the year into twelve months and reckoning by them were taken over from the Roman calendar.^(Duden 7 2014|571)^(Pfeifer 1993) The sense “moon” survived into Early New High German and in Bavarian and Carinthian dialect, where ''das Mânet'' could mean the moon.^(FWB)^(DWB|12, 2483) A popular reckoning of a month as four weeks, which gives thirteen months to the year, is also recorded.^(DWB|12, 2483)

+

+ In the Early New High German period the word also named the months in which the Pope claimed the right to fill church offices.^(FWB) The adjective [[monatlich]], Old High German ''mānōdlīh'' (10th–11th century), was used from the 17th century for menstruation, ''monatliche Zeit'' (1654).^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 765 – Old High German ''mānōd'' appears in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 9th century – ''mānōdsioh'' “moonstruck” is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 10th–11th century – The adjective ''mānōdlīh'' “monthly” is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1654 – ''monatliche Zeit'' is used for menstruation.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|month]], one of the twelve parts of the year: ''im Monat März''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A period of about thirty days: ''das Kind ist sieben Monate alt''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(astronomy)'' The period between two new moons, a [[m|en|lunar]] month.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[monatlich]]

+ * [[monatelang]]

+ * [[Monatsende]]

+ * [[Monatsgehalt]]

+ * [[Heumonat]]

+ * [[Wintermonat]]

+ * [[Mondmonat]]

+ * [[Vormonat]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Mond]]

+ * [[Semester]]

+ * [[en|month]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Im vierten Monat sein'' is colloquial for being four months pregnant.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}