neben German · revision 34819

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=c. 1000, Old High German|origins=goh in eban}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈneːbən/, /ˈneːbɛn/, /ˈneːbm̩/^(Wiktionary)

+ * Germany: /ˈneːbm̩/^(Wiktionary)

+ * Austria, Southern-Germany, Switzerland: [-b̥ɛn]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''neben''' (preposition with the dative for position and the accusative for direction; also an adverb)^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ Middle High German also had ''nebent'', with a secondary /t/, which survives in Alemannic ''nebend'' and ''nebet''.^(DWB|13, 490)^(Pfeifer 1993) Forms with ''-s'' and ''-st'', ''nebens'' and ''nebenst'', gave rise to [[nebst]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(FWB)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|neben]], [[inh|goh|neben]], shortened from Middle High German [[m|gmh|eneben]] and Old High German [[m|goh|ineben]].^(Kluge 2011|650)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch) That form grew out of the phrase [[goh|in eban]], made of [[in]] and the adjective [[eben]] “level, equal”, so that it first meant “in the same way, on the same level”.^(Kluge 2011|650)^(Paul 2002)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch) The Duden dictionaries trace it to an adverbial phrase with the noun [[m|goh|ebanī|t=equality]].^(Duden 7 2020|579)^(Duden GWDS 1999) The same phrase is [[osx|an eban]] and [[ang|on efen]], which survives in the older English [[m|en|anent]], and the shortened form is also [[gml|nēven]] and [[nl|neven]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|650)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The initial vowel was lost by aphaeresis as early as Notker.^(DWB|13, 490) Unlike [[gegen]], from [[m|gmh|engegen]], which lost the whole syllable, the word kept its /n/ because the consonant attached to the stressed vowel.^(DWB|13, 490) Because the adjective governed the dative, the phrase at first took only that case; once its origin was obscured, it was treated like the other prepositions of place and took the accusative for direction, first in Rhenish and Central German texts of the 12th century.^(Paul 2002)^(DWB|13, 490)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''in eban'' and ''ineben'' “side by side, on the same level” are recorded around 1000, and Notker already has the shortened ''neben''.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|13, 490) Kluge dates the word to the 11th century.^(Kluge 2011|650)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Paul explains that the word first meant “on the same level”, in contrast to ''über'' and ''unter'', and then, with reference to the human body, “at the side”, in contrast to ''vor'' and ''hinter''.^(Paul 2002) From space it was transferred to rank, putting one person on a par with another, and to simultaneity, “in addition to”.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ In compounds ''neben'' usually expresses subordination, as in [[Nebensache]], first recorded in Schottel (1641), ''Nebenfrau'' and ''Nebenrolle'' (Goethe); more rarely it expresses equality, as in [[Nebenbuhler]].^(Paul 2002)^(Duden 7 2020|579)^(Pfeifer 1993) Compounds such as ''Nebenmensch'' and ''Nebenchrist'', “fellow man, fellow Christian”, have been replaced by forms with ''Mit-''.^(Paul 2002) The preposition [[nebst]] “together with” arose in the 17th century from ''nebenst'' and has been the only usual form since the 18th century.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|579)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1000 – Old High German ''in eban'' and ''ineben'' are recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 11th century – Notker uses the shortened ''neben''.^(DWB|13, 490)^(Kluge 2011|650)

+ * 12th century – Rhenish and Central German texts use the accusative after it.^(DWB|13, 490)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * End of the 15th century – The form ''nebens'' appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1641 – Schottel records ''Nebensache''.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)

+ * First half of the 17th century – ''nebenst'' appears, which gives ''nebst''.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * End of the 17th century – ''nebensächlich'' is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # ''(with dative)'' [[m|en|beside]], next to, right by: ''Die Lampe steht neben dem Bett.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(with accusative)'' To a place beside: ''Sie setzte sich neben ihren Vater.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(with dative)'' In addition to, [[m|en|besides]], apart from: ''Neben dem Studium arbeitet er in einem Café.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(with dative)'' Compared with: ''Neben ihr wirkt er klein.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # ''(rare, literary)'' Next to it, [[m|en|alongside]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[nebenan]]

+ * [[nebenbei]]

+ * [[nebeneinander]]

+ * [[nebenher]]

+ * [[nebst]]

+ * [[Nebensache]]

+ * [[nebensächlich]]

+ * [[Nebenbuhler]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[eben]]

+ * [[Ebene]]

+ * [[in]]

+ * [[en|anent]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}