Haus German · revision 34802

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century|origins=gem-pro *hūsą}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * [haʊ̯s]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Haus''' ''n'' (genitive ''Hauses'', plural ''Häuser'', diminutive ''Häuschen'' or ''Häuslein'')^(Wiktionary)

+ An older plural without ''-er'' survives in place names ending in ''-hausen''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|hūs]], [[inh|goh|hūs]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*hūs]], [[inh|gem-pro|*hūsą|t=house]].^(Kluge 2011|399)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|hūs]], [[ofs|hūs]], [[ang|hūs]] and [[non|hús]], and today [[nl|huis]], [[en|house]] and [[sv|hus]].^(Kluge 2011|399)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013) Gothic has it only in the compound [[got|𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌷𐌿𐍃|tr=gudhūs|t=temple]] and otherwise uses [[m|got|𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽|tr=razn]].^(Kluge 2011|399)^(DWB|10, 640) The New High German diphthong goes back to the Middle High German long vowel, which became /au/ in Bavarian from the 14th century, and the standard spelling rests on that development.^(DWB|10, 640)

+

+ Its origin is unclear.^(Kluge 2011|399)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch)^(Kroonen 2013) Kluge assumes a connection with [[Hütte]] and derives it from [[gem-pro|*hud-s-a-]], with loss of the dental and lengthening of the vowel.^(Kluge 2011|399) He finds a link with [[grc|κεῦθος|tr=keûthos|t=hiding place, depth]] conceivable but not obvious.^(Kluge 2011|399)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch) Kroonen rejects that comparison, since the related [[gem-pro|*huzda-|t=hoard]] points to a root without a laryngeal, and takes the neuter as an s-stem from [[ine-pro|*kuH-|t=to cover]], originally “shelter”.^(Kroonen 2013) Pfeifer, Köbler and the Duden dictionary also connect it with the root “to cover”, in the extended form [[ine-pro|*(s)keus-]], which Pfeifer sees also in [[Hose]] and [[Hort]], and more widely in [[Haut]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Köbler AHD)^(Duden GWDS 1999) Wiktionary mentions an alternative theory of borrowing from an Eastern Iranian language.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''hūs'' is recorded from the 8th century, in the Benedictine Rule, Isidor, the Muspilli, Tatian, Otfrid and Notker.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Schützeichel 2012|162) It meant “house, building, dwelling”, also “temple” and “household, family, lineage”.^(Schützeichel 2012|162)^(Köbler AHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Middle High German ''hūs'' was also a castle, a town hall, a hut and the household.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Köbler MHD) The alliterating pair ''Haus und Hof'' for all one's property goes back to Old High German, and ''sein Haus bestellen'' “to set one's house in order”, before death, comes from Isaiah 38:1.^(Paul 2002) ''Zu Hause'' “at home” is chiefly northern, while Central and Southern German prefer [[heim]] and [[daheim]].^(Paul 2002) The word also came to mean a dynasty (''das Haus Sachsen'') and a business firm, both recorded by Adelung.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ''Haus'' in the sense “parliament” is a semantic loan from English, from the 17th century.^(Kluge 2011|399) The phrase ''aus dem Häuschen sein'' “to be beside oneself” arose around 1800, probably from ''Häuschen'' “madhouse”, after the Paris asylum Petites-Maisons.^(Kluge 2011|399)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020) The verb [[hausen]] (Old High German ''hūsōn'' “to dwell”, about 1000) came to mean “to manage badly” in the 15th century and “to lay waste” in the 16th.^(Pfeifer 1993) [[hausieren]] “to peddle from door to door”, [[häuslich]] and [[Haushalt]] are recorded from the 15th century.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German ''hūs'' is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|399)

+ * c. 1000 – The verb ''hūsōn'' “to dwell” appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 14th century – The long vowel becomes the diphthong /au/ in Bavarian.^(DWB|10, 640)

+ * 15th century – ''hausieren'', ''häuslich'' and ''Haushalt'' are recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 17th century – ''Häuschen'' is recorded, and ''Haus'' is used for a parliament after English.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|399)

+ * c. 1800 – The phrase ''aus dem Häuschen sein'' appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|building]] in which people live, a [[m|en|house]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A building put up for a particular purpose, often in compounds: ''Kaufhaus'', ''Krankenhaus''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002)

+ # One's [[m|en|home]], in phrases: ''zu Hause'', ''nach Hause''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(colloquial)'' All the people living in a house.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # The people working in a building, such as a firm's staff or a theatre's audience: ''vor vollem Haus spielen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(formal)'' A family; a household.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # A [[m|en|dynasty]], a ruling family: ''das Haus Habsburg''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002)

+ # ''(colloquial, jocular)'' A person: ''Er ist ein lustiges Haus.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # A legislative [[m|en|chamber]], parliament.^(Wiktionary DE)^(Kluge 2011|399)

+ # ''(astrology)'' One of the twelve sections of the [[m|en|zodiac]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Häuschen]]

+ * [[hausen]]

+ * [[behausen]]

+ * [[Behausung]]

+ * [[Gehäuse]]

+ * [[häuslich]]

+ * [[Haushalt]]

+ * [[haushalten]]

+ * [[hausieren]]

+ * [[Häusler]]

+ * [[Hausfrau]]

+ * [[Rathaus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Hütte]]

+ * [[Haut]]

+ * [[Hose]]

+ * [[Hort]]

+ * [[en|house]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Haus und Hof'' is all one's property, and ''aus dem Häuschen sein'' is to be wild with excitement.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Kluge 2011|399) ''Von Haus aus'' means “originally, by origin”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}