setzen German · revision 34797

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Abrogans|origins=ine-pro *sed-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈzɛtsən/, [ˈzɛtsn̩]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Austria: [ˈsɛtsn̩]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''setzen''' (third-person singular present setzt, past tense setzte, past participle gesetzt, auxiliary haben or sein)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old High German often formed the past without umlaut, ''sazta'', which continued as Middle High German ''sazte''.^(DWB|16, 643) ''satzte'' remained usual in writing for a long time, as in Luther's Bible.^(DWB|16, 643)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|setzen]], [[inh|goh|sezzen]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*sattjan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*satjaną|t=to set, place]], the causative of [[sitzen]], so that it first meant “to make sit”.^(Kluge 2011|846)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013) The same verb is [[got|𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽|tr=satjan]], [[osx|settian]], [[ofs|setta]], [[ang|settan]] and [[non|setja]], and today [[nl|zetten]], [[en|set]] and [[sv|sätta]].^(Kluge 2011|846)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ It continues [[ine-pro|*sodéyeti|t=to make sit]], with the o-grade of [[ine-pro|*sed-|t=to sit]].^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Köbler AHD) Causatives of the same root are found in [[sa|सादयति|tr=sādáyati|t=makes sit down]], [[cu|садити|tr=saditi|t=to plant]], [[ru|садить|tr=sadítʹ|t=to set, plant]] and [[lt|sodinti|alt=sodìnti|t=to set, plant]].^(Kluge 2011|846)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''sezzen'' is recorded from the 8th century, in the Abrogans and other glosses, and then in Isidor, the Benedictine Rule, Tatian, Otfrid and Notker.^(EWA|7, 1157)^(Köbler AHD) It meant “to set, put, lay”, “to install, consecrate”, “to plant”, and “to establish, determine”, and reflexively “to sit down”.^(EWA|7, 1157)^(Schützeichel 2012|278)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle High German ''setzen'' also meant “to tell”, “to appoint, decide”, and reflexively “to settle”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Lexer 1872|2, 894) The sense “to determine, decree”, from setting down law, was current from the 14th to the 18th century, and lives on in [[festsetzen]], in [[Gesetz]] and in ''Satzung''.^(Duden 7 2020) The reflexive ''sich setzen'' increasingly took the place of reflexive ''sitzen'', and phrases such as ''sich zur Wehr setzen'' go back to Middle High German.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ [[Setzer]] has meant a typesetter since the 16th century.^(Duden 7 2020)^(Pfeifer 1993) [[übersetzen]] “to translate” appears in the 17th century, probably after Latin [[m|la|trādūcō]] or [[m|la|transferō]], and [[umsetzen]] in the commercial sense was taken over from Low German in the same century.^(Duden 7 2020|778) The participle [[gesetzt]] “staid, sedate” comes from the 18th century.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German ''sezzen'' appears in the Abrogans.^(EWA|7, 1157)^(Kluge 2011|846)

+ * 10th century – ''sezzāri'' “founder, author” is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 14th–18th century – ''setzen'' is used for “to decree, determine”.^(Duden 7 2020)

+ * 16th century – ''Setzer'' means a typesetter.^(Duden 7 2020)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 17th century – ''übersetzen'' “to translate” appears, and ''umsetzen'' is used in trade.^(Duden 7 2020|778)

+ * 18th century – ''gesetzt'' “staid” appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(reflexive)'' To [[m|en|sit]] down; of a bird, to settle: ''Setz dich zu uns!''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To put or place someone or something somewhere: ''das Kind auf die Bank setzen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|plant]]: ''Tomaten setzen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # To write somewhere: ''seinen Namen unter den Brief setzen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(printing)'' To [[m|en|typeset]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # To stake, [[m|en|bet]]: ''auf ein Pferd setzen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To fix, lay down: a deadline, a goal.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(intransitive, with sein)'' To leap over something; to cross a river: ''über den Zaun setzen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' Of particles, to settle, sink; to get into something.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(hunting)'' Of game, to give birth.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Satz]]

+ * [[Setzer]]

+ * [[Setzling]]

+ * [[Setzung]]

+ * [[Gesetz]]

+ * [[gesetzt]]

+ * [[absetzen]]

+ * [[aufsetzen]]

+ * [[besetzen]]

+ * [[ersetzen]]

+ * [[entsetzen]]

+ * [[festsetzen]]

+ * [[fortsetzen]]

+ * [[übersetzen]]

+ * [[umsetzen]]

+ * [[versetzen]]

+ * [[Umsatz]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[sitzen]]

+ * [[Set]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}