rund German · revision 34796

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=late 13th century|origins=la rota}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /rʊnt/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''rund''' (strong nominative masculine singular runder, comparative runder, superlative am rundesten)^(Wiktionary)

+ The older form ''rond'' is still found in the 17th century.^(DWB|14, 1498) Beside the comparative ''runder'' there was ''ründer'', used by Wieland but now obsolete.^(DWB|14, 1498)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|runt]], [[bor|fro|ront|t=round]], from [[la-vul|*retundus]], a dissimilated form of [[la|rotundus|t=round]], from [[m|la|rota|t=wheel]], which is related to [[Rad]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020)^(Wiktionary) Pfeifer gives the Old French forms as [[m|fro|reont]], older [[m|fro|roont]], and Anglo-Norman [[m|xno|ruunt]];^(Pfeifer 1993) Kluge names [[m|fr|ronde]], which had been used much earlier in the knightly term [[m|gmh|tavelrunde|t=Round Table]].^(Kluge 2011|777) [[gml|runt]], [[nl|rond]] and [[en|round]] were borrowed from French too.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020)

+

+ The word is rare in Middle High German, found for instance in a Rhenish poem on Charlemagne; it spread slowly and by the 17th century had entirely displaced the native [[gmh|sinwel|t=round]].^(DWB|14, 1498)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Kluge and Paul date ''runt'' to the 13th century, Paul to its end.^(Kluge 2011|777)^(Paul 2002) An early dated record is in Berthold von Regensburg (about 1275).^(Köbler MHD) Besides “round”, Middle High German ''runt'' also meant “nimble, skilful”.^(Lexer 1872|2, 541)^(Köbler MHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ At first the word meant “circular”, but it was soon used of cylinders, spheres and anything evenly curved, and often of the human body.^(Paul 2002) Because the circle and the sphere were thought perfect, it also came to mean “complete, finished”: Goethe found the Iliad ''so rund und fertig'' (1798).^(Paul 2002) Hence ''runde Zahl'' and ''runde Summe'', recorded by Adelung in 1777, and, in the 19th century, the sense “about, approximately”.^(Paul 2002) From Luther on it also meant “frank, plain”, as in ''rund heraus''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ The neuter noun [[Rund]] (17th century) is the French substantive ''rond''.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020) [[Runde]] in the military sense “round of the guard” was borrowed in the early 17th century from French ''ronde'', which comes from Spanish and ultimately Arabic, and was only felt as belonging to ''rund''.^(Kluge 2011|777)^(Pfeifer 1993) [[Rundfunk]] was coined in the 20th century by the engineer Hans Bredow.^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1275 – Middle High German ''runt'' is used by Berthold von Regensburg.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 15th century – The verb ''ronden'', later ''runden'', appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * Early 17th century – ''Ronde'', later ''Runde'', “round of the guard” is borrowed from French.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 17th century – ''rund'' has displaced the native ''sinwel''.^(DWB|14, 1498)

+ * 1777 – Adelung records ''runde Zahl''.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 20th century – ''überrunden'' “to lap” appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|round]]: shaped like a circle or sphere, without corners: ''ein runder Tisch''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of the body, [[m|en|plump]], chubby.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(colloquial)'' Full, whole: ''ein rundes Jahr''; of numbers, round: ''eine runde Summe''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Well-rounded, complete; running smoothly: ''ein runder Klang'', ''Der Motor läuft rund.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # About, [[m|en|approximately]]: ''rund hundert Gäste''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Around: ''rund um die Uhr''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Rund]]

+ * [[Runde]]

+ * [[runden]]

+ * [[abrunden]]

+ * [[aufrunden]]

+ * [[überrunden]]

+ * [[rundlich]]

+ * [[Rundung]]

+ * [[Rundfunk]]

+ * [[rundum]]

+ * [[rundweg]]

+ * [[kreisrund]]

+ * [[kugelrund]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Rad]]

+ * [[rotieren]]

+ * [[Tafelrunde]]

+ * [[en|round]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Runder Tisch'', after King Arthur's Round Table and English ''round table'', is a meeting of participants with equal rights; in the GDR, from autumn 1989 to March 1990, the ''Runde Tisch'' was an assembly of all political groups outside parliament.^(Paul 2002) ''Jetzt geht's rund'' “now things are getting lively” dates from the early 20th century.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}