auf German · revision 34791

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German|origins=gem-pro *upp}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /aʊ̯f/, [ʔaʊ̯f]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''auf'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|ūf]], [[inh|goh|ūf]], [[inh|gem-pro|*upp]].^(Kluge 2011|71)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|up]], [[ang|up]], [[ofs|up]] and [[non|upp]], and with a different ablaut grade [[got|𐌹𐌿𐍀|tr=iup|t=upwards]].^(Kluge 2011|71)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013) It survives as [[nl|op]] and [[en|up]].^(Kluge 2011|71) Within German it is related to [[ob]], [[oben]], [[offen]] and [[über]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020)

+

+ The long vowel of the Old High German form, the source of the modern diphthong, was at first only Upper German; the short vowel of the northern and North Sea Germanic languages also occurs in Old and Middle High German, and western Central German had [[m|gmh|up]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) Kroonen explains the long vowel as a lengthening in a word of one syllable.^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ Kluge compares [[ine-pro|*upo]], with similar meanings of place, in [[sa|उप|tr=úpa]], [[grc|ὑπό|tr=hupó]] and, with an initial s-, [[la|sub]], and also [[hit|upzi|t=(the sun) rises]].^(Kluge 2011|71)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020) The consonant is the difficulty: the Germanic forms would need an Indo-European /b/, or must have escaped the consonant shift through gemination, while the related words with /b/ and /f/ show the regular development.^(Kluge 2011|71)^(DWB2|3, 404) Sommer took the word for a sound gesture for a quick upward movement, which could explain the missing shift.^(Kluge 2011|71) Kroonen derives the geminate from a locative [[gem-pro|*uppai]], earlier [[ine-pro|*up-noi]].^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''ūf'' is first recorded in the 8th century, in the Würzburg boundary descriptions, and then in glosses, Otfrid and Notker.^(Köbler AHD)^(Kluge 2011|71) It was at first only an adverb of direction, meaning “up, upwards”.^(Paul 2002)^(Schützeichel 2012|346)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From an adverb meaning “up” the word became a preposition, and it came to express place as well as direction.^(Paul 2002)^(DWB|1, 602) As a free adverb it has largely been replaced by [[herauf]], [[hinauf]] and [[aufwärts]],^(Duden 7 2020)^(Paul 2002) but it is very common as the first part of separable verbs.^(Pfeifer 1993) There it often marks the end of a state of rest (''aufstehen'' “to stand up”, ''aufspringen'' “to jump up”), and the idea of rousing something led to the sense of stirring up, as in ''aufregen'' “to excite” and ''aufhetzen'' “to incite”.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ As a preposition it takes the dative for a position on a surface and the accusative for a movement onto it, a distinction Adelung already described in 1793.^(Adelung 1793|1, 467)^(Duden GWDS 1999) Colloquially ''auf'' is also used as an adjective, “open”, taken from verbs such as [[aufmachen]].^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German ''ūf'' appears in the Würzburg boundary descriptions.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 1060–1065 – Middle High German ''ūf'' is used in Williram's commentary on the Song of Songs.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 1793 – Adelung describes ''auf'' as a preposition with the dative for rest and the accusative for movement.^(Adelung 1793|1, 467)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # With the dative: [[m|en|on]], upon; marking a position on top of something, or a stay in a building or place: ''die Vase steht auf dem Tisch'' “the vase is on the table”, ''auf der Post arbeiten'' “to work at the post office”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # With the accusative: [[m|en|onto]], to; marking movement to a surface, place or event: ''die Vase auf den Schrank stellen'' “to put the vase on the cupboard”, ''auf einen Ball gehen'' “to go to a ball”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # With the accusative, of time: for (a period): ''auf ein paar Tage verreisen'' “to go away for a few days”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # With the accusative: marking purpose, aim or [[m|en|responsibility]].^(Wiktionary)

+ # With a language name: in (a language).^(Wiktionary)

+ # With the accusative: by, in giving dimensions.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # Up, [[m|en|upwards]]; today mostly part of separable verbs.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # ''(colloquial)'' [[m|en|open]] (only predicative).^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[aufwärts]]

+ * [[herauf]]

+ * [[hinauf]]

+ * [[darauf]]

+ * [[vollauf]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ob]]

+ * [[oben]]

+ * [[offen]]

+ * [[über]]

+ * [[en|up]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}