auch German · revision 34785

+ {{infobox|confidence=disputed|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=gem-pro *auk}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /aʊ̯x/^(Wiktionary)

+ * Austria, southern Germany: /aʊ̯/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''auch'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|ouch]], [[inh|goh|ouh]], [[inh|gem-pro|*auk]].^(Kluge 2011|70)^(Wiktionary)^(EWA|6, 1270) The same particle is [[got|𐌰𐌿𐌺|tr=auk|t=for, but, also]], [[non|auk]], [[ang|ēac]], [[ofs|āk]] and [[osx|ōk]],^(Kluge 2011|70)^(Kroonen 2013) and it survives as [[nl|ook]], archaic [[en|eke]], [[sv|och|t=and]] and [[da|og|t=and]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Its origin is disputed, and perhaps particles of separate origin fell together, as the different senses suggest: the Gothic word could also mean “for” and the Old High German one “but”.^(Kluge 2011|70)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch) One explanation takes it as an imperative “add!” of the strong verb [[gem-pro|*aukaną|t=to add, increase]] (in [[m|got|𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽|tr=aukan]] and [[non|auka]]), from [[ine-pro|*h₂ewg-|t=to increase]], the root of [[la|augeō]].^(Kluge 2011|70)^(DWB2|3, 394) Kluge favours it because of Old English [[m|ang|þǣr-tō-ēacen|t=besides]], literally “added to it”, and the Grimms already saw in the word the idea of something added.^(Kluge 2011|70)^(DWB|1, 598)

+

+ The other explanation joins a particle [[ine-pro|*au]], as in [[grc|αὖ|tr=aû|t=again, on the other hand]], with the emphatic particle [[ine-pro|*ǵe]].^(Kluge 2011|70)^(Orel 2003) Kroonen and Orel accept only this, Kroonen as [[ine-pro|*h₂eu-ǵe]];^(Kroonen 2013)^(Orel 2003) Pfeifer also thinks it very likely, comparing [[la|aut|t=or]], [[sa|उ|tr=u|t=and, also]] and [[xto|ok]], [[txb|uk|t=still]], and allows that the word was later attached to the verbs of increase.^(Pfeifer 1993) The Duden dictionary takes it as a mixture of a frozen case form and an old particle.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''ouh'' is recorded from the second half of the 8th century, in glosses and the ''Abrogans'', and then in Isidor, Tatian, Otfrid and Notker.^(EWA|6, 1270)^(Köbler AHD) Its senses ranged from “also, likewise, moreover, even, namely” to “on the other hand, but”.^(EWA|6, 1270)^(Schützeichel 2012|247)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The contrasting sense “but”, still found in the older stages, was lost, and the adding sense prevailed.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB2|3, 394) In Middle High German ''ouch'' joined a new sentence to the last, set it against it or confirmed it.^(Lexer 1872|2, 181) Modern German uses ''auch'' as an adverb (“also, besides, even”) and as a modal particle expressing annoyance, confirmation or doubt; with interrogative words it generalises (''was auch geschieht'' “whatever happens”) and with ''wenn'' it concedes (''wenn auch'' “even if”).^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(EWA|6, 1270) In the phrase ''sowohl … als auch'' “both … and” it was already described by Adelung.^(Adelung 1793|1, 463)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * After 765 – Old High German ''ouh'' appears in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 1060–1065 – Middle High German ''ouch'' is used in Williram's commentary on the Song of Songs.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 1793 – Adelung describes ''auch'' as a conjunction marking an addition.^(Adelung 1793|1, 463)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # Also, too, likewise: ''ich bin auch nur ein Mensch'' “I am only human too”;^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary) ''nicht nur …, sondern auch'' “not only … but also”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Besides, moreover: ''ich kann nicht, ich will auch nicht'' “I can't, and besides I don't want to”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Even: ''auch die kleinste Freude wird einem verdorben'' “even the smallest pleasure is spoilt”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Particle===

+ # Expressing [[m|en|annoyance]] or surprise: ''du bist aber auch stur!'' “you really are stubborn!”^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Confirming or giving a reason for what was said: ''sie sah krank aus, und sie war es auch'' “she looked ill, and indeed she was”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Expressing doubt in questions: ''hast du dir das auch überlegt?'' “have you really thought about it?”^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # With interrogative or relative words, generalising: ''was auch [immer] geschieht'' “whatever happens”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # With ''wenn'', ''so'' or ''wie'', [[m|en|concessive]]: ''wenn auch'' “even if, although”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[wachsen]]

+ * [[Auktion]]

+ * [[en|eke]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}