dieser German · revision 34782

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=gem-pro *sa}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈdiːzər/, [ˈdiːzɐ]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Austria, southern Germany: [ˈd̥iːz̥ɐ]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Switzerland: [ˈd̥iːz̥ər]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Western Germany, colloquial: /ˈdɪzər/, [ˈdɪzɐ]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''dieser''' ''m'', '''diese''' ''f'', '''dieses''' or '''dies''' ''n'' (demonstrative pronoun)^(Duden GWDS 1999) In modern German it is declined like a strong adjective.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ Middle High German had ''diser'', usually ''dirre'', feminine ''disiu'', neuter ''ditze'' or ''diz''.^(Kluge 2011|200)^(Lexer 1872) ''Dirre'' is found until the end of the 15th century, mainly in the west of the Upper German area, and Swabian ''diz'' into the 16th century.^(FWB)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|diser]], [[inh|goh|desēr]], feminine [[m|goh|desiu]], neuter [[m|goh|diz]].^(Kluge 2011|200)^(Wiktionary) The same formation is [[osx|these]] (feminine [[m|osx|thius]]), [[ofs|this]] and [[ang|þes]], with Old Norse showing it only in some forms such as the genitive [[m|non|þessa]].^(Kluge 2011|200) [[nl|deze]] and [[en|this]] continue it.^(Kluge 2011|200)^(Duden 7 2020)

+

+ The reinforced demonstrative was made from the simple demonstrative [[m|de|der]] ([[gem-pro|*sa]]) with an attached deictic particle, [[m|non|-si]] in Old Norse and -se or -s in West Germanic, which Duden traces to the pronoun stem [[ine-pro|*so]].^(Kluge 2011|200)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020)^(DWB2|6, 1024) At first only the pronoun was inflected, inside the word, not the particle; a last relic is the genitive [[m|goh|desse]] in the Muspilli poem.^(Kluge 2011|200) Then the inflection moved to the end of the word, and this state is already reached when Old High German is first written down.^(Kluge 2011|200)^(Pfeifer 1993) The formation is found only in West and North Germanic.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ Between the 9th and 11th centuries the stem vowel ⟨e⟩ became ⟨i⟩, probably by analogy.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|200) In forms with ⟨r⟩ in the ending the ⟨s⟩ was assimilated (genitive plural [[m|goh|thesero]] > [[m|goh|therro]] > [[m|goh|dirro]] in Notker), and the forms with ⟨rr⟩ spread to the nominative singular in the 11th century, lasting until the 16th century.^(Pfeifer 1993) The ⟨z⟩ of the neuter goes back to a Germanic double ⟨tt⟩, as in [[m|non|þetta]].^(DWB2|6, 1024)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''desēr'' is recorded in glosses of 765 and then in most of the literary texts, from the Benedictine Rule and the ''Exhortatio'' to Notker, meaning “this” and also simply “the”.^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|71)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The pronoun points to what is nearest the speaker in space or time, and so also to what has just been mentioned;^(Paul 2002) ''dieser und jener'' means “one or another”, and regionally it served in curses as a veiled name for the devil.^(Paul 2002) Its genitive is used only before a noun: one says ''in dessen Haus'', not ''in dieses Haus''; old commercial phrases such as ''Überbringer dieses'' (“bearer of this [letter]”) and ''am 15. dieses'' (“on the 15th of this [month]”) were the exception.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ Derivatives include ''diesseits'', an adverb from the 14th century (Middle High German ''dissīt'' “on this side”), and its noun ''Diesseits'' “earthly life”, coined in the early 19th century as the opposite of ''Jenseits''.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden 7 2020) ''Diesjährig'' “of this year” arose in the 18th century from the accusative ''dies Jahr''.^(Duden 7 2020)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 765 – Old High German ''desēr'' in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 11th century – The form ''dirro'' appears in the nominative singular.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 14th century – First record of the adverb ''diesseits''.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 16th century – The ''rr'' forms (Middle High German ''dirre'') die out.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * Second half of the 16th century – Bavarian ''ditz(e)'' is last recorded.^(DWB2|6, 1024)

+ * 18th century – ''diesjährig'' is formed from ''dies Jahr''.^(Duden 7 2020)

+ * 1805 – ''Diesseits'' is used as a noun, opposed to ''Jenseits''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Pronoun===

+ # [[m|en|this]], these: points to someone or something near the speaker (''dieser Platz ist frei'').^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # This, that: refers back to something already mentioned or known and singles it out.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # With words of time, the present or nearest one: ''diesen Sommer'', ''diese Nacht'', ''dieser Tage'' “in the next few days”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Before a name or a word for a person, expressing a (usually negative) [[m|en|judgement]]: ''dieser Herr Meier''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Standing alone, refers to something said before or after; beside ''jener'', “the [[m|en|latter]]”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[diesbezüglich]]

+ * [[diesjährig]]

+ * [[diesmal]]

+ * [[diesseits]]

+ * [[ohnedies]]

+ * [[überdies]]

+ * [[diesseitig]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[jener]]

+ * [[m|de|der]]

+ * [[sie]]

+ * [[en|this]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Dies und das'' or ''dieses und jenes'' means “all sorts of things”;^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''dieser und jener'' “some people” and ''dieser oder jener'' “one or another”.^(Duden GWDS 1999) In the neuter, ''dies'' is the usual standalone form (''dies ist richtig'').^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}