dass German · revision 34779

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=ine-pro *tód}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /das/, /dɑs/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''dass''' (subordinating conjunction)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ Until the spelling reform of 1996 the standard spelling was ''daß''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|daz]], [[inh|goh|daz]], [[inh|gem-pro|*þat|t=that]], and is historically the same word as the neuter nominative singular of the demonstrative pronoun, modern [[das]] (see [[m|de|der]]).^(Kluge 2011|181)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014) The two were first distinguished in spelling in the 16th century.^(Kluge 2011|181)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014) The same pronoun is [[got|𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰|tr=þata]], [[non|þat]], [[ang|þæt]], [[ofs|thet]] and [[osx|that]], going back to [[ine-pro|*tód]]; as conjunctions it gave [[gml|dat]], [[nl|dat]] and [[en|that]].^(Orel 2003)^(Duden 7 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The conjunction grew out of a pronoun pointing forward to the following clause: “ich höre das: er kommt” (“I hear that: he is coming”) was reinterpreted as “ich höre, dass er kommt”, the pronoun passing into the second clause.^(Kluge 2011|181)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014) This happened in all the Germanic languages and in many of their Indo-European relatives, and the stage of early Old High German already shows it.^(Kluge 2011|181)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''daz'' as a conjunction is recorded in glosses of 765 and is frequent in all the literary texts, meaning “that, so that, because”.^(Köbler AHD) Pfeifer notes that its use as a conjunction is already fully developed in Old High German.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The oldest use is the clause that stands for a subject or object (''mich dünkt, daß er ein Narr ist''), which originally had to follow the main clause; a preceding ''dass''-clause (''daß er kommt, glaube ich nicht'') became possible only after the pronoun sense had been forgotten.^(Paul 2002) Clauses with ''dass'' then attached to other cases of the pronoun (''er rühmt sich dessen, daß …''), and ''dass'' joined other words to form compound conjunctions such as ''ohne dass'', ''als dass'' and ''so dass''.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999) It can also introduce a main clause expressing a wish, a threat or regret: ''dass mir keine Klagen kommen!''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ The spelling ''daß'' was established gradually from the middle of the 16th century and remained standard until the reform of 1996, which introduced ''dass''.^(Paul 2002)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 765 – Old High German ''daz'' as a conjunction in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 16th century – The conjunction begins to be spelled differently from the pronoun ''das''.^(Kluge 2011|181)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1996 – The spelling reform replaces ''daß'' with ''dass''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # [[m|en|that]]: introduces a clause serving as subject, object or complement: ''er weiß, dass du ihn nicht leiden kannst''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Introduces a clause attached to a noun: ''die Tatsache, dass er hier war''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Introduces a clause of reason or [[m|en|consequence]]: ''er schlug zu, dass es krachte''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Introduces a clause of [[m|en|purpose]], so that: ''hilf ihm doch, dass er fertig wird''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # With other words, forms compound conjunctions: ''ohne dass'', ''als dass'', ''statt dass'', ''so dass''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Introduces a main clause expressing a wish, threat or regret: ''dass es so weit kommen musste!''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[sodass]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[das]]

+ * [[m|de|der]]

+ * [[en|that]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}