umbraculum Latin · revision 34774

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=116–27 BC, Varro|origins=la umbra}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ʊmˈbraː.kʊ.ɫũː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [umˈbraː.ku.lum]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''umbrāculum''' ''n'' (genitive umbrāculī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+ The syncopated spelling ''umbrāclum'' is also found.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|umbra|-culum|t1=shade]],^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(de Vaan 2008) or from the verb derived from it, [[m|la|umbrō|t=to shade]].^(Wiktionary) De Vaan connects [[m|la|umbra]] with [[lt|ùnksna|t=shade]] and reconstructs it as [[m|itc-pro|*unksrā-]], which could have become ⟨umbra⟩ through intermediate stages; he finds no likely root for it.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan and Köbler date it from Varro,^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) who in his work on agriculture advises building ''umbracula'' near the threshing floor, “where the men can go in the heat at midday”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It named anything that kept off the sun: a shelter or arbour (Varro, Virgil's ''Eclogues'', Tibullus), and specially a [[m|en|parasol]], which Ovid's ''Art of Love'' tells the reader to hold up himself.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Cicero uses the plural for the shady retreats of scholars, contrasting Theophrastus' school with “the sun and dust” of public life.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Seneca uses it once, by an editor's correction, for an empty shadow of something.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Later the Itala uses it of a refuge, and Salvian writes of shamelessness “without the least shade of modesty”.^(Conte 2010) Medieval writers used it of protection and shelter, figuratively of divine protection, of a canopy, tent or tabernacle, and of a helmet's visor.^(DMLBS)^(Niermeyer 1976) Stelten gives “covering for a tabernacle”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro uses it of shelters by a threshing floor.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of the shady retreats of philosophers.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of a bower in the ''Eclogues''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid uses it of a parasol.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 435/439 AD – Salvian uses it of a trace of modesty.^(Conte 2010)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 639–709 AD – Aldhelm uses it of divine protection.^(DMLBS)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|shelter]] from the sun, a shade; an [[m|en|arbour]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # A [[m|en|parasol]], sunshade.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(plural)'' A shady retreat, a place of study away from public life.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # An empty form, a [[m|en|shadow]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Late Latin)'' A refuge; a trace.^(Conte 2010)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Protection; a [[m|en|canopy]], [[m|en|tent]] or [[m|en|tabernacle]]; a helmet's visor.^(DMLBS)^(Niermeyer 1976)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}