viriliter Latin · revision 34756

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=la vir}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''virīliter''' (comparative virīlius, superlative virīlissimē)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|virīlis|-ter|t1=manly]], the adverb of the adjective,^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) which is formed from [[m|la|vir|t=man]].^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is first found in Cicero, who says that barbarians cannot bear illness in a manly way.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Classical Latin it means bravely and firmly, as in Ovid's advice that a misfortune must be borne manfully.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Seneca has the comparative ''virīlius'', and Pliny the Elder contrasts Polyclitus' soft youth with his manly boy.^(OLD 2012) It was also used of sexual potency, in the Priapea, and of a vigorous style of speech, in the Rhetorica ad Herennium.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical and Medieval Latin it remained common in the sense of manfully, courageously.^(Stelten 1995)^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of bearing illness.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid urges bearing misfortune manfully.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca uses the comparative.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # In a [[m|en|manly]] or [[m|en|virile]] way; bravely, firmly.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Of style, vigorously.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}