ructo Latin · revision 34748

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 200 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *h₁reuǵ-e/o-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈruːk.toː], [ˈrʊk.toː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈruk.to]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''rū̆ctō''' (present infinitive rū̆ctāre, perfect active rū̆ctāvī, supine rū̆ctātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ A deponent form ''ructor'' is used by Varro and Horace.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|*rūgō|-tō|t1=to belch]], a frequentative formed on the stem of a simple verb that is not attested on its own.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Its compound [[m|la|ērūgō|t=to belch]] is found from Ennius on, and the noun [[m|la|ructus|t=belch]] from Plautus.^(de Vaan 2008) De Vaan traces the root to [[itc-pro|*roug-e/o-]] and [[ine-pro|*h₁reuǵ-e/o-|t=to belch]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ Cognate with [[grc|ἐρεύγομαι|tr=ereúgomai|t=to belch out, vomit]], [[lt|ráugėti|t=to belch]] and [[ang|rocettan|t=to belch]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan records it from Plautus on.^(de Vaan 2008) In the ''Pseudolus'' one character asks another, ''pergin ructare in os mihi?'', “will you keep belching in my face?”.^(Conte 2010)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Used intransitively it means simply to [[m|en|belch]]: Cicero speaks of a man for whom even belching would be shameful, and Pliny the Elder of someone who never spat or belched.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) With an object it names the food or drink whose taste or fumes come back up: Varro, using the deponent, says he still “belches” someone's birds, and Pliny the Elder has a stomach that “belches” sour things.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ From this it came to mean bringing something up with a belch: Silius Italicus has blood belched from a lion's throat, and both he and Statius use it of natural forces, a river or fire that belches out what it carries.^(OLD 2012) Horace mocks a poet who “belches out” lofty verses,^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) and later writers use it scornfully of words that are always in someone's mouth: Tertullian of displayed wisdom, Sidonius Apollinaris of a man who “belches the Tiber”, that is, speaks polished Roman Latin.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)^(Conte 2010) Palladius uses it of the earth giving off vapour.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of belching in someone's face.^(Conte 2010)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro uses the deponent ''ructor'' with the food as object.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it in the ''Philippics''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ * 65–8 BC – Horace writes of verses being belched out.^(OLD 2012)

+ * 25–101 AD – Silius Italicus uses it of disgorging blood.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ * c. 160–220 AD – Tertullian uses it of flaunting wisdom.^(Georges 1913)^(Conte 2010)

+ * c. 431–486 AD – Sidonius Apollinaris uses it of speaking elegant Latin.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # (intransitive) To [[m|en|belch]], [[m|en|eructate]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # (transitive) To belch up the taste or fumes of (food or drink).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # (transitive) To [[m|en|disgorge]] with belches; of natural forces, to spew out.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(figurative)'' To utter, to keep talking about; to [[m|en|flaunt]].^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[ērū̆ctō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ructus]]

+ * [[ērūgō]]

+ * [[rūmen]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}