rutrum Latin · revision 34735

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=234–149 BC, Cato|origins=ine-pro *(H)reuH-e/o-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈrʊ.trũː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈruː.trum]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''rutrum''' ''n'' (genitive rutrī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|ruō|-trum|t1=to dig up]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan distinguishes this verb “to dig” from the verb meaning “to rush”, noting that the derivatives of the two have become mixed; he traces the first to [[itc-pro|*rowe/o-]] and [[ine-pro|*(H)reuH-e/o-]], cognate with [[lt|ráuti|t=to tear out, pull]] and [[non|rýja|t=to tear out wool]].^(de Vaan 2008) Wiktionary compares [[cs|rýč|t=spade]] and [[pl|rydel|t=spade]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Varro explained the name as a shortening of ⟨ruitrum⟩, from the same verb.^(Varro)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan records it from Cato on.^(de Vaan 2008) Cato lists it among the tools of a farm and also uses it of a tool for mixing.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It was an implement for throwing up soil, a [[m|en|shovel]] or [[m|en|spade]]: besides Cato, Varro and Pomponius use it, and Livy and Ovid.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) In building it was a tool for mixing mortar, a [[m|en|trowel]], in Cato, Vitruvius, Pliny the Elder and Palladius.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato lists it among farm tools.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 84–c. 25 BC – Vitruvius uses it of a trowel for mortar.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010)

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid uses it.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder uses it of a trowel.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # An implement for digging or throwing up soil; a [[m|en|shovel]], [[m|en|spade]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # A tool for mixing mortar; a [[m|en|trowel]].^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[rutellum]]

+ * [[rutrāmen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ruō]]

+ * [[rutābulum]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}